IL.VII.B.R7

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• Aeronautical Information Manualp. 7-1-43
  Chapter 7. Safety of Flight › Section 1. Meteorology › 7-1-14. Reporting of Cloud Heights

  meter increments for products between 1,200 meters and 2,000 meters. 7-1-14. Reporting of Cloud Heights a. Ceiling, by definition in the CFRs and as used in aviation weather reports and forecasts, is the height above ground ... phenomenon that is reported as “broken,” “overcast,” or “obscuration,” e.g., an aerodrome forecast (TAF) which reads “BKN030” refers to height above ground level. An area forecast which reads “BKN030” indicates that the height is above mean sea level. b. Pilots…

• Pilot's Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledgep. 5-4
  Chapter 5: Aerodynamics of Flight › Lift

  that doubling of the airspeed will result in four times the lift. As a result, one can see that velocity is an important component to the production of lift, which itself can be affected through varying AOA. When examining ... equation, lift (L) is determined through the relationship of the air density (ρ), the airfoil velocity (V), the surface area of the wing (S) and the coefficient of lift (CL) for a given airfoil. Taking the equation further…

• Pilot's Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledgep. 5-11
  Chapter 5: Aerodynamics of Flight › Ground Effect

  Figure 5-16. Ground effect changes airflow. Ground effect also alters the thrust required versus velocity. Since induced drag predominates at low speeds, the reduction of induced drag due to ground effect will cause a significant reduction of thrust required ... ground. One of the direct results of ground effect is the variation of induced drag with wing height above the ground at a constant CL. When the wing is at a height equal to its span, the reduction in induced…

• Pilot's Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledgep. G-14
  Glossary › Domestic Reduced Vertical Separation Minimum

  rational thought process when making decisions. Good decision-making involves risk identification and assessment, information processing, and problem solving. Height above airport (HAA). The height of the MDA above the published airport elevation. Height above landing (HAL). The height above ... designated helicopter landing area used for helicopter instrument approach procedures. Height above touchdown elevation (HAT). The DA/DH or MDA above the highest runway elevation in the touchdown zone (first 3,000 feet of the runway). HF. High frequency. Hg. Abbreviation…

• Aeronautical Information Manualp. 7-6-1
  Chapter 7. Safety of Flight › Section 6. Potential Flight Hazards › 7-6-2. Reporting Radio/Radar Altimeter Anomalies

  Considerable information of value may be obtained by listening to advisories being issued in the terminal area, even though controller workload may prevent a pilot from obtaining individual service. d. Giving Way. If you think another aircraft is too close ... also known as radar altimeter or RADALT) is a safety-critical aircraft system used to determine an aircraft’s height above terrain. It is the only sensor onboard the aircraft capable of providing a direct measurement of the clearance height…

• Aeronautical Information Manualp. 7-6-3
  Chapter 7. Safety of Flight › Section 6. Potential Flight Hazards › 7-6-4. Obstructions To Flight

  equipped aircraft when landing on, or departing from, unfamiliar lakes or rivers. d. Wind Turbines. The number, size, and height of individual wind turbines and wind turbine farms have increased over time. The locations of wind turbine farms have also ... United States. VFR pilots should be aware that many wind turbines are exceeding 499 feet AGL in height, which may affect minimum safe VFR altitudes in uncontrolled airspace. In addition, many wind turbines are encroaching on the 700-foot…