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  • Chapter 4. Air Traffic Control › Section 3. Airport Operations › 4-3-16. VFR Flights in Terminal Areas

    miles is not prohibited, but good judgment would dictate that you keep out of the approach area. b. Reduced Visibility. It has always been recognized that precipitation reduces forward visibility. Consequently, although again it may be perfectly legal to cancel…

  • Chapter 7. Safety of Flight › Section 6. Potential Flight Hazards › 7-6-16. Avoid Flight in the Vicinity of Exhaust Plumes (Smoke Stacks and Cooling Towers)

    Exhaust Plumes (Smoke Stacks and Cooling Towers) a. Flight Hazards Exist Around Exhaust Plumes. Exhaust plumes are defined as visible or invisible emissions from power plants, industrial production facilities, or other industrial systems that release large amounts of vertically directed ... disturbances such as turbulence and vertical shear. Other identified potential hazards include, but are not necessarily limited to: reduced visibility, oxygen depletion, engine particulate contamination, exposure to gaseous oxides, and/or icing. Results of encountering a plume may include airframe damage…

  • Chapter 7. Safety of Flight › Section 1. Meteorology › 7-1-16. Estimating Intensity of Rain and Ice Pellets

    completely cover an exposed surface regardless of duration. Visibility is not affected. 2. Moderate. Slow accumulation on ground. Visibility reduced by ice pellets to less than 7 statute miles. 3. Heavy. Rapid accumulation on ground. Visibility reduced by ice pellets…

  • Chapter 12: Weather Theory › Atmospheric Stability › Precipitation

    Precipitation in any form poses a threat to safety of flight. Often, precipitation is accompanied by low ceilings and reduced visibility. Aircraft that have ice, snow, or frost on their surfaces must be carefully cleaned prior to beginning a flight…

  • Chapter 7. Safety of Flight › Section 6. Potential Flight Hazards › 7-6-4. Obstructions To Flight

    which are very difficult to see in good weather and can be invisible at dusk or during periods of reduced visibility. These wires can extend about 1,500 feet horizontally from a structure; therefore, all skeletal structures should be avoided…

  • Chapter 7. Safety of Flight › Section 6. Potential Flight Hazards › 7-6-10. Flight Operations in Volcanic Ash

    effectiveness of braking. It is recommended that reverse thrust be limited to minimum practical to reduce the possibility of reduced visibility and engine ingestion of airborne…