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  • Chapter 17: Aeromedical Factors › Health and Physiological Factors Affecting Pilot Performance › Water Refraction

    Water Refraction Rain on the windscreen can create an illusion of being…

  • Chapter 12: Weather Theory

    Chapter 12: Weather Theory Weather is an important factor that influences aircraft performance and flying safety. It is the state of the atmosphere at a given time and place with respect to variables, such as temperature (heat or cold), moisture ... adverse or destructive atmospheric conditions, such as high winds. This chapter explains basic weather theory and offers pilots background knowledge of weather principles. It is designed to help them gain a good understanding of how weather affects daily flying activities…

  • Chapter 11: Aircraft Performance › Atmospheric Pressure

    there are various kinds of pressure, pilots are mainly concerned with atmospheric pressure. It is one of the basic factors in weather changes, helps to lift the aircraft, and actuates some of the most important flight instruments in the aircraft ... average pressure exerted by the weight of the atmosphere is approximately 14.7 pounds per square inch (psi). The density of air has significant effects on the aircraft’s performance. As air becomes less dense, it reduces…

  • Chapter 11: Aircraft Performance › Chapter Summary

    carrier obstacle clearance requirements consult the Instrument Procedures Handbook, FAA-H-8083-16 (as revised). Chapter Summary Performance characteristics and capabilities vary greatly among aircraft. As transport aircraft become more capable and more complex, most operators find themselves having ... board or used during the planning phase of the flight. Moreover, aircraft weight, atmospheric conditions, and external environmental factors can significantly affect aircraft performance. It is essential that a pilot become intimately familiar with the mission planning programs, performance characteristics…

  • Chapter 11: Aircraft Performance

    Chapter 11: Aircraft Performance This chapter discusses the factors that affect aircraft performance, which include the aircraft weight, atmospheric conditions, runway environment, and the fundamental physical laws governing the forces acting on an aircraft. The performance or operational information section ... performance data, as well as the meanings of the various terms used in expressing performance capabilities and limitations. Since the characteristics of the atmosphere have a major effect on performance, it is necessary to review two dominant factors—pressure…

  • Chapter 4: Principles of Flight › Pressure › Density Altitude

    Regardless of the actual altitude of the aircraft, it will perform as though it were operating at an altitude equal to the existing density altitude. Air density is affected by changes in altitude, temperature, and humidity. High density altitude refers ... conditions that result in a high density altitude are high elevations, low atmospheric pressures, high temperatures, high humidity, or some combination of these factors. Lower elevations, high atmospheric pressure, low temperatures, and low humidity are more indicative of low density…