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• Pilot's Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledgep. 8-17
  Chapter 8: Flight Instruments › Gyroscopic Flight Instruments › Turn Coordinator

  Turn Coordinator The gimbal in the turn coordinator is canted; therefore, its gyro can sense both rate of roll and rate of turn. Since turn coordinators are more prevalent in training aircraft, this discussion concentrates on that instrument. When rolling ... into or out of a turn, the miniature aircraft banks in the direction the aircraft is rolled. A rapid roll rate causes the miniature aircraft to bank more steeply than a slow roll rate. The turn coordinator can be used…

• Pilot's Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledgep. 5-22
  Chapter 5: Aerodynamics of Flight › Aerodynamic Forces in Flight Maneuvers › Forces in Turns

  basic truth about turns is that when the aircraft banks, lift acts inward toward the center of the turn, perpendicular to the lateral axis as well as upward. Newton’s First Law of Motion, the Law of Inertia, states that ... acted on by some other force. An aircraft, like any moving object, requires a sideward force to make it turn. In a normal turn, this force is supplied by banking the aircraft so that lift is exerted inward, as well…

• Pilot's Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledgep. 8-16
  Chapter 8: Flight Instruments › Gyroscopic Flight Instruments › Turn-and-Slip Indicator

  Turn Indicators Aircraft use two types of turn indicators: turn-and-slip indicators and turn coordinators. Because of the way the gyro is mounted, the turn-and-slip indicator shows only the rate of turn in degrees per second ... turn coordinator is mounted at an angle, or canted, so it can initially show roll rate. When the roll stabilizes, it indicates rate of turn. Both instruments indicate turn direction and quality (coordination), and also serve as a backup source…

• Pilot's Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledgep. 5-34
  Chapter 5: Aerodynamics of Flight › Load Factors › Load Factors in Steep Turns

  Load Factors in Steep Turns At a constant altitude, during a coordinated turn in any aircraft, the load factor is the result of two forces: centrifugal force and weight. [Figure 5-52] For any given bank angle, the ROT varies ... centrifugal force, allowing the load factor to remain the same. Figure 5-52. Two forces cause load factor during turns. Figure 5-53 reveals an important fact about turns—the load factor increases at a terrific rate after a bank…

• Instrument Flying Handbookp. 7-22
  Chapter 7, Section I: Airplane Basic Flight Maneuvers › Turns › Steep Turns

  When turning to an east or west heading from a southerly direction, start the rollout approximately 5 degrees before the east or west indication is reached. When turning to other headings, the lead or lag must be interpolated. Abrupt changes ... resulting erratic movements of the compass card make accurate interpretations of the instrument very difficult. Proficiency in compass turns depends on knowledge of compass characteristics, smooth control technique, and accurate bank-and-pitch control. Figure 7-35. North and south…

• Instrument Flying Handbookp. 7-21
  Chapter 7, Section I: Airplane Basic Flight Maneuvers › Turns › Timed Turns

  Timed Turns A timed turn is a turn in which the clock and the turn coordinator are used to change heading by a specific number of degrees in a given time. For example, in a standard rate turn (3 degrees ... second), an airplane turns 45° in 15 seconds; in a half standard rate turn, the airplane turns 45° in 30 seconds. Prior to performing timed turns, the turn coordinator should be calibrated to determine the accuracy of its indications. [Figure…