IL.XII.A.R4
Risk managementEffect of environmental elements on aircraft performance (e.g., turbulence, microbursts, and high density altitude).
From the FAA library
- Chapter 11: Aircraft Performance › Performance › Straight-and-Level Flight
Straight-and-Level Flight All of the principal components of flight performance involve steady-state flight conditions and equilibrium of the aircraft. For the aircraft to remain in steady, level flight, equilibrium must be obtained by a lift equal ... aircraft weight and a powerplant thrust equal to the aircraft drag. Thus, the aircraft drag defines the thrust required to maintain steady, level flight. As presented in Chapter 4, Aerodynamics of Flight, all parts of an aircraft contribute…
- Appendix C: Certificates, Ratings, and Endorsements › Flight Instructor Endorsements › Aircraft Checkouts/Transitions
Flight Instructors as Certifying Officials for Student Pilot and Remote Pilot Applicants, has process details for instructors and applicants. Aircraft Checkouts/Transitions Certificated pilots depend on flight instructors for aircraft checkouts and transition training including high performance airplanes, tail wheel airplanes ... motor gliders, and aircraft capable of flight at high altitudes. The flight instructor who checks out and certifies the competency of a pilot in an aircraft for which a type rating is not required by regulation accepts major responsibility…
- Chapter 5: Aerodynamics of Flight › Aircraft Design Characteristics › Lateral Stability (Rolling)
There are four main design factors that make an aircraft laterally stable: dihedral, sweepback, keel effect, and weight distribution. Dihedral Some aircraft are designed so that the outer tips of the wings are higher than the wing roots. The upward ... subject to a decrease in angle of attack, and develops a decrease in lift. The changes in lift effect a rolling moment tending to raise the windward wing, hence dihedral contributes to a stable roll due to sideslip. [Figure…
- Chapter 5: Aerodynamics of Flight › Wingtip Vortices › Avoiding Wake Turbulence
Avoiding Wake Turbulence Wingtip vortices are greatest when the generating aircraft is “heavy, clean, and slow.” This condition is most commonly encountered during approaches or departures because an aircraft’s AOA is at the highest to produce the lift necessary ... land or take off. To minimize the chances of flying through an aircraft’s wake turbulence: • Avoid flying through another aircraft’s flight path. • Rotate prior to the point at which the preceding aircraft rotated when taking off behind another…
- Chapter 5: Aerodynamics of Flight › High Speed Flight › Subsonic Versus Supersonic Flow
paramount importance at speeds approaching the speed of sound. In these speed ranges, compressibility causes a change in the density of the air around an aircraft. During flight, a wing produces lift by accelerating the airflow over the upper surface ... This accelerated air can, and does, reach sonic speeds even though the aircraft itself may be flying subsonic. At some extreme AOAs, in some aircraft, the speed of the air over the top surface of the wing may be double…