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  • Chapter 5: Aerodynamics of Flight › Ground Effect

    Figure 5-16. Ground effect changes airflow. Ground effect also alters the thrust required versus velocity. Since induced drag predominates at low speeds, the reduction of induced drag due to ground effect will cause a significant reduction of thrust required ... wingtip vortices, there may be a change in position (installation) error of the airspeed system associated with ground effect. In the majority of cases, ground effect causes an increase in the local pressure at the static source and produces…

  • Chapter 4: Effective Communication › Barriers to Effective Communication › Lack of Common Experience

    Lack of common experience between the communicator (instructor) and the receiver (learner) is probably the greatest single barrier to effective communication. Communication can be effective only to the extent that the experiences (physical, mental, and emotional) of the participants ... stimuli used to arouse a response in the learner. Figure 4-3. Misunderstandings stem primarily from four barriers to effective communication. The learner’s past experience with the words and things to which they refer determines how the learner responds…

  • Chapter 4: Effective Communication › Developing Communication Skills › Instructional Enhancement

    important that the instructor understand as much as possible about the learners, instructors can be much more effective by using improved listening skills and effective questions to help in putting themselves in the place of the learners. Questions should ... communication are necessary to be an instructor. Increasing the depth of knowledge in either area makes the instructor more effective. Instructional Enhancement An instructor never stops learning. While professional development is discussed in greater detail in Chapter 8, the more…