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  • Chapter 14: Airport Operations › Wind Direction Indicators

    Wind Direction Indicators It is important for a pilot to know the direction of the wind. At facilities with an operating control tower, this information is provided by ATC. Information may also be provided by FSS personnel either located ... receive and broadcast on this frequency. When none of these services is available, it is possible to determine wind direction and runway in use by visual wind indicators. A pilot should check these wind indicators even when information is provided…

  • Chapter 16: Navigation › Dead Reckoning › Wind Triangle or Vector Analysis

    Dead Reckoning Dead reckoning is navigation solely by means of computations based on time, airspeed, distance, and direction. The products derived from these variables, when adjusted by wind speed and velocity, are heading and GS. The predicted heading takes ... aircraft along the intended path and the GS establishes the time to arrive at each checkpoint and the destination. Except for flights over water, dead reckoning is usually used with pilotage for cross-country flying. The heading…

  • Glossary › Pilot’s Operating Handbook/Airplane Flight Manual

    determining position error from the GPS satellites, then transmitting the error, or corrective factors, to the airborne GPS receiver. Wind correction angle (WCA). The angle between the desired track and the heading of the aircraft necessary to keep the aircraft ... tracking over the desired track. Wind direction indicators. Indicators that include a wind sock, wind tee, or tetrahedron. Visual reference will determine wind direction and runway in use. Zone of confusion. Volume of space above the station where a lack…

  • Chapter 14: Airport Operations › En Route › Vortex Avoidance Procedures

    given scenario. • Landing behind a larger aircraft on the same runway— stay at or above the larger aircraft’s approach flight path and land beyond its touchdown point. [Figure 14-47A] • Landing behind a larger aircraft on a parallel ... runway closer than 2,500 feet—consider the possibility of drift and stay at or above the larger aircraft’s final approach flight path and note its touchdown point. [Figure 14-47B] • Landing behind a larger aircraft on crossing…

  • Chapter 12: Weather Theory › Wind and Currents › Low-Level Wind Shear

    increasingly turbulent. This tends to push an aircraft into the side of a mountain. The stronger the wind, the greater the downward pressure and turbulence become. Figure 12-16. Turbulence in mountainous regions. Due to the effect terrain ... wind in valleys or canyons, downdrafts can be severe. Before conducting a flight in or near mountainous terrain, it is helpful for a pilot unfamiliar with a mountainous area to get a checkout with a mountain qualified flight instructor…

  • Chapter 10: Teaching Practical Risk Management during Flight Instruction › Notes on Instructional Risk Management in the Flight Deck › Managing Risk while Teaching Landings

    Excessive teaching and coaching on final approach may cause missed radio transmissions from air traffic control or aircraft in the pattern. To avoid this, the instructor should only use concise prompting on approach to landings with the learner. Certain landings ... instructor teaches the appropriate pre-landing reconnaissance for unfamiliar landing areas or uncontrolled fields. During landings in strong winds, the instructor should have the skill sufficient to deal with the wind conditions. During a short-field or confined area landing…