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  • Chapter 9: Navigation Systems › Instrument Approach Systems › Instrument Landing Systems (ILS)

    Instrument Approach Systems Most navigation systems approved for en route and terminal operations under IFR, such as VOR, NDB, and GPS, may also be approved to conduct IAPs. The most common systems in use in the United States ... simplified directional facility (SDF), localizer-type directional aid (LDA), and microwave landing system (MLS). These systems operate independently of other navigation systems. There are new systems being developed, such as WAAS and LAAS. Other systems have been developed for special…

  • 14 CFR § 91.213 Inoperative instruments and equipment.

    Inoperative instruments and equipment. either specifically or otherwise required by the airworthiness requirements under which the aircraft is type certificated and which are essential for safe operations under all operating conditions. (2) Instruments and equipment required by an airworthiness directive ... operable condition unless the airworthiness directive provides otherwise. (3) Instruments and equipment required for specific operations by this part. (c) A person authorized to use an approved Minimum Equipment List issued for a specific aircraft under subpart K of this…

  • Chapter 10: IFR Flight › Approach to an Airport With an Operating Tower, With an Approach Control › Radar Monitoring of Instrument Approaches

    occurs, the pilot should so advise ATC and request a no-gyro vector or approach. The pilot of an aircraft not equipped with a directional gyro or other stabilized compass who desires radar handling may also request a no-gyro ... vector or approach. The pilot should make all turns at standard rate and should execute the turn immediately upon receipt of instructions. For example, “TURN RIGHT,” “STOP TURN.” When a surveillance or precision approach is made, the pilot is advised…

  • Chapter 5: Flight Instruments › Gyroscopic Systems › Pneumatic Systems

    Power Sources Aircraft and instrument manufacturers have designed redundancy in the flight instruments so that any single failure does not deprive the pilot of the ability to safely conclude the flight. Gyroscopic instruments are crucial for instrument flight; therefore, they ... powered by separate electrical or pneumatic sources. Pneumatic Systems Pneumatic gyros are driven by a jet of air impinging on buckets cut into the periphery of the wheel. On many aircraft this stream of air is obtained by evacuating…

  • Chapter 6, Section I: Airplane Attitude Instrument Flying › Attitude Indicator › Power Control

    only turn rate. Figure 6-12. Turn coordinator and turn-and-slip indicator. Power Control A power change to adjust airspeed may cause movement around some or all of the aircraft axes. The amount and direction of movement depends ... power changes during level flight is illustrated in Figures 6-13 and 6-14. During or immediately after adjusting the power control(s), the power instruments should be cross-checked to see if the power adjustment is as desired. Whether…

  • Chapter 4: Approaches › Aircraft Performance Operating Limitations

    Aircraft Performance Operating Limitations Generally speaking, air carriers must have in place an approved method of complying with Subpart I of 14 CFR Parts 121 and 135 (Airplane Performance Operating Limitations), thereby proving the airplane’s performance capability for every ... flight that it intends to make. Flight crews must have an approved method of complying with the approach and landing performance criteria in the applicable regulations prior to departing for their intended destination. The primary source of information for performance…