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  • Chapter 11: Aircraft Performance › Takeoff and Landing Performance › Runway Surface and Gradient

    Runway Surface and Gradient Runway conditions affect takeoff and landing performance. Typically, performance chart information assumes paved, level, smooth, and dry runway surfaces. Since no two runways are alike, the runway surface differs from one runway to another, as does ... runway gradient or slope. [Figure 11-15] Runway surfaces vary widely from one airport to another. The runway surface encountered may be concrete, asphalt, gravel, dirt, or grass. The runway surface for a specific airport is noted in the Chart…

  • Chapter 4. Air Traffic Control › Section 3. Airport Operations › 4-3-6. Use of Runways/Declared Distances

    conducted at the time of landing must fall within the applicable declared distances before the pilot can accept that runway for takeoff or landing. (c) Runway design standards may impose restrictions on the amount of runway available ... takeoff and landing that are not apparent from the reported physical length of the runway or from runway markings and lighting. The runway elements of Runway Safety Area (RSA), Runway Object Free Area (ROFA), and Runway Protection Zone…

  • Chapter 4. Air Traffic Control › Section 3. Airport Operations › 4-3-18. Taxiing

    When issuing taxi instructions to any point other than an assigned takeoff runway, ATC will specify the point to taxi to, issue taxi instructions, and state any hold short instructions or runway crossing clearances if the taxi route will cross ... runway. NOTEATC is required to obtain a readback from the pilot of all runway hold short instructions. 8. If a pilot is expected to hold short of a runway approach/departure (Runway XX APPCH/Runway XX DEP) hold area or ILS holding…

  • Chapter 7. Safety of Flight › Section 2. Barometric Altimeter Errors and Setting Procedures › 7-3-5. Cold Temperature Airport Procedures

    Cold Temperature Airport Procedures a. PILOTS MUST NOT MAKE AN ALTIMETER CHANGE to accomplish an altitude correction. Pilots must ensure that the altimeter is set to the current altimeter setting provided by ATC in accordance with ... Actions on when and where to make corrections: Pilots will make an altitude correction to the published, “at”, “at or above”, and “at or below” altitudes on all designated segment(s) to all runways for all published instrument approach procedures…

  • Chapter 11: Aircraft Performance › Takeoff and Landing Performance › Water on the Runway and Dynamic Hydroplaning

    Water on the Runway and Dynamic Hydroplaning Water on the runways reduces the friction between the tires and the ground and can reduce braking effectiveness. The ability to brake can be completely lost when the tires are hydroplaning because ... layer of water separates the tires from the runway surface. This is also true of braking effectiveness when runways are covered in ice. When the runway is wet, the pilot may be confronted with dynamic hydroplaning. Dynamic hydroplaning…