Private Pilot for Airplane Category
›Area of Operation I. Preflight Preparation9 tasks
Task A. Pilot Qualifications
To determine the applicant exhibits satisfactory knowledge, risk management, and skills associated with airman and medical certificates including privileges, limitations, currency, and operating as pilot-incommand as a private pilot.
References: 14 CFR parts 61, 68, 91; AC 68-1; FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-3, FAA-H-8083-25
PA.I.A.K1Certification requirements, recent flight experience, and recordkeeping.PA.I.A.K2Privileges and limitations.PA.I.A.K3Medical certificates: class, expiration, privileges, temporary disqualifications.PA.I.A.K4Documents required to exercise private pilot privileges.PA.I.A.K5Part 68 BasicMed privileges and limitations.
Task B. Airworthiness Requirements
To determine the applicant exhibits satisfactory knowledge, risk management, and skills associated with airworthiness requirements, including airplane certificates.
References: 14 CFR parts 39, 43, 91; FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-3, FAA-H-8083-25
PA.I.B.K1General airworthiness requirements and compliance for airplanes, including:PA.I.B.K1aLocation and expiration dates of required aircraft certificatesPA.I.B.K1bRequired inspections and airplane logbook documentationPA.I.B.K1cAirworthiness Directives and Special Airworthiness Information BulletinsPA.I.B.K1dPurpose and procedure for obtaining a special flight permitPA.I.B.K1eOwner/Operator and pilot-in-command responsibilitiesPA.I.B.K2Pilot-performed preventive maintenance.PA.I.B.K3Equipment requirements for day and night VFR flight, including:PA.I.B.K3aFlying with inoperative equipmentPA.I.B.K3bUsing an approved Minimum Equipment List (MEL)PA.I.B.K3cKinds of Operation Equipment List (KOEL)PA.I.B.K3dRequired discrepancy records or placardsPA.I.B.K4Standard and special airworthiness certificates and their associated operational limitations.
Task C. Weather Information
To determine the applicant exhibits satisfactory knowledge, risk management, and skills associated with weather information for a flight under VFR.
References: 14 CFR part 91; AC 91-92; AIM; FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-3, FAA-H-8083-25, FAA-H-8083-28
PA.I.C.K1Sources of weather data (e.g., National Weather Service, Flight Service) for flight planning purposes.PA.I.C.K2Acceptable weather products and resources required for preflight planning, current and forecast weather for departure, en route, and arrival phases of flight such as:PA.I.C.K2aAirport Observations (METAR and SPECI) and Pilot Observations (PIREP)PA.I.C.K2bSurface Analysis Chart, Ceiling and Visibility Chart (CVA)PA.I.C.K2cTerminal Aerodrome Forecasts (TAF)PA.I.C.K2dGraphical Forecasts for Aviation (GFA)PA.I.C.K2eWind and Temperature Aloft Forecast (FB)PA.I.C.K2fConvective Outlook (AC)PA.I.C.K2gInflight Aviation Weather Advisories including Airmen's Meteorological Information (AIRMET), Significant Meteorological Information (SIGMET), and Convective SIGMETPA.I.C.K3Meteorology applicable to the departure, en route, alternate, and destination under visual flight rules (VFR) in Visual Meteorological Conditions (VMC), including expected climate and hazardous conditions such as:PA.I.C.K3aAtmospheric composition and stabilityPA.I.C.K3bWind (e.g., windshear, mountain wave, factors affecting wind, etc.)PA.I.C.K3cTemperature and heat exchangePA.I.C.K3dMoisture/precipitationPA.I.C.K3eWeather system formation, including air masses and frontsPA.I.C.K3fCloudsPA.I.C.K3gTurbulencePA.I.C.K3hThunderstorms and microburstsPA.I.C.K3iIcing and freezing level informationPA.I.C.K3jFog/mistPA.I.C.K3kFrostPA.I.C.K3lObstructions to visibility (e.g., smoke, haze, volcanic ash, etc.)PA.I.C.K4Flight deck instrument displays of digital weather and aeronautical information.
PA.I.C.R1Making the go/no-go and continue/divert decisions, including:PA.I.C.R1aCircumstances that would make diversion prudentPA.I.C.R1bPersonal weather minimumsPA.I.C.R1cHazardous weather conditions, including known or forecast icing or turbulence aloftPA.I.C.R2Use and limitations of:PA.I.C.R2aInstalled onboard weather equipmentPA.I.C.R2bAviation weather reports and forecastsPA.I.C.R2cInflight weather resources
PA.I.C.S1Use available aviation weather resources to obtain an adequate weather briefing.PA.I.C.S2Analyze the implications of at least three of the conditions listed in K3a through K3l, using actual weather or weather conditions provided by the evaluator.PA.I.C.S3Correlate weather information to make a go/no-go decision.
Note: If K2 is selected, the evaluator must assess the applicant’s knowledge of at least three sub-elements. If K3 is selected, the evaluator must assess the applicant’s knowledge of at least three sub-elements.
Task D. Cross-Country Flight Planning
To determine the applicant exhibits satisfactory knowledge, risk management, and skills associated with cross-country flights and VFR flight planning.
References: 14 CFR part 91; AIM; Chart Supplements; FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-3, FAA-H-8083-25; NOTAMs; VFR Navigation Charts
PA.I.D.K1Route planning, including consideration of different classes and special use airspace (SUA) and selection of appropriate and available navigation/communication systems and facilities.PA.I.D.K1aUse of an electronic flight bag (EFB), if usedPA.I.D.K2Altitude selection accounting for terrain and obstacles, glide distance of airplane, VFR cruising altitudes, and effect of wind.PA.I.D.K3Calculating:PA.I.D.K3aTime, climb and descent rates, course, distance, heading, true airspeed, and groundspeedPA.I.D.K3bEstimated time of arrival, including conversion to universal coordinated time (UTC)PA.I.D.K3cFuel requirements, including reservePA.I.D.K4Elements of a VFR flight plan.PA.I.D.K5Procedures for filing, activating, and closing a VFR flight plan.PA.I.D.K6Inflight intercept procedures.
PA.I.D.S1Prepare, present, and explain a cross-country flight plan assigned by the evaluator, including a risk analysis based on real-time weather, to the first fuel stop.PA.I.D.S2Apply pertinent information from appropriate and current aeronautical charts, Chart Supplements; Notices to Air Missions (NOTAMs) relative to airport, runway and taxiway closures; and other flight publications.PA.I.D.S3Create a navigation plan and simulate filing a VFR flight plan.PA.I.D.S4Recalculate fuel reserves based on a scenario provided by the evaluator.PA.I.D.S5Use an electronic flight bag (EFB), if applicable.
Note: Preparation, presentation, and explanation of a computer-generated flight plan is an acceptable option.
Task E. National Airspace System
To determine the applicant exhibits satisfactory knowledge, risk management, and skills associated with National Airspace System (NAS) operations under VFR as a private pilot.
References: 14 CFR parts 71, 91, 93; AIM; FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-3, FAA-H-8083-25; VFR Navigation Charts
PA.I.E.S1Identify and comply with the requirements for basic VFR weather minimums and flying in particular classes of airspace.PA.I.E.S2Correctly identify airspace and operate in accordance with associated communication and equipment requirements.PA.I.E.S3Identify the requirements for operating in SUA or within a TFR. Identify and comply with special air traffic rules (SATR) and SFRA operations, if applicable.
Task F. Performance and Limitations
To determine the applicant exhibits satisfactory knowledge, risk management, and skills associated with operating an airplane safely within the parameters of its performance capabilities and limitations.
References: FAA-H-8083-1, FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-3, FAA-H-8083-25; POH/AFM
PA.I.F.K1Elements related to performance and limitations by explaining the use of charts, tables, and data to determine performance.PA.I.F.K2Factors affecting performance, including:PA.I.F.K2aAtmospheric conditionsPA.I.F.K2bPilot techniquePA.I.F.K2cAirplane configurationPA.I.F.K2dAirport environmentPA.I.F.K2eLoading [e.g., center of gravity (CG)]PA.I.F.K2fWeight and balancePA.I.F.K3Aerodynamics.
Task G. Operation of Systems
To determine the applicant exhibits satisfactory knowledge, risk management, and skills associated with safe operation of systems on the airplane provided for the flight test.
References: FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-3, FAA-H-8083-23, FAA-H-8083-25; POH/AFM
PA.I.G.K1Airplane systems, including:PA.I.G.K1aPrimary flight controlsPA.I.G.K1bSecondary flight controlsPA.I.G.K1cPowerplant and propellerPA.I.G.K1dLanding gearPA.I.G.K1eFuel, oil, and hydraulicPA.I.G.K1fElectricalPA.I.G.K1gAvionicsPA.I.G.K1hPitot-static, vacuum/pressure, and associated flight instrumentsPA.I.G.K1iEnvironmentalPA.I.G.K1jDeicing and anti-icingPA.I.G.K1kWater rudders (ASES, AMES)PA.I.G.K1lOxygen systemPA.I.G.K2Indications of and procedures for managing system abnormalities or failures.
Note: If K1 is selected, the evaluator must assess the applicant's knowledge of at least three sub-elements.
Task H. Human Factors
To determine the applicant exhibits satisfactory knowledge, risk management, and skills associated with personal health, flight physiology, and aeromedical and human factors related to safety of flight.
References: AIM; FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-3, FAA-H-8083-25
PA.I.H.K1Symptoms, recognition, causes, effects, and corrective actions associated with aeromedical and physiological issues, including:PA.I.H.K1aHypoxiaPA.I.H.K1bHyperventilationPA.I.H.K1cMiddle ear and sinus problemsPA.I.H.K1dSpatial disorientationPA.I.H.K1eMotion sicknessPA.I.H.K1fCarbon monoxide poisoningPA.I.H.K1gStressPA.I.H.K1hFatiguePA.I.H.K1iDehydration and nutritionPA.I.H.K1jHypothermiaPA.I.H.K1kOptical illusionsPA.I.H.K1lDissolved nitrogen in the bloodstream after scuba divesPA.I.H.K2Regulations regarding use of alcohol and drugs.PA.I.H.K3Effects of alcohol, drugs, and over-the-counter medications.PA.I.H.K4Aeronautical Decision-Making (ADM) to include using Crew Resource Management (CRM) or Single- Pilot Resource Management (SRM), as appropriate.
Task I. Water and Seaplane Characteristics, Seaplane Bases, Maritime Rules, and Aids to Marine Navigation (ASES, AMES)
To determine the applicant exhibits satisfactory knowledge, risk management, and skills associated with water and seaplane characteristics, seaplane bases, maritime rules, and aids to marine navigation.
References: AIM; Chart Supplements; FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-3, FAA-H-8083-23, FAA-H-8083-25; POH/AFM; USCG Navigation Rules
PA.I.I.K1The characteristics of a water surface as affected by features, such as:PA.I.I.K1aSize and locationPA.I.I.K1bProtected and unprotected areasPA.I.I.K1cSurface windPA.I.I.K1dDirection and strength of water currentPA.I.I.K1eFloating and partially submerged debrisPA.I.I.K1fSandbars, islands, and shoalsPA.I.I.K1gVessel traffic and wakesPA.I.I.K1hOther characteristics specific to the areaPA.I.I.K1iDirection and height of wavesPA.I.I.K2Float and hull construction, and its effect on seaplane performance.PA.I.I.K3Causes of porpoising and skipping, and the pilot action needed to prevent or correct these occurrences.PA.I.I.K4How to locate and identify seaplane bases on charts or in directories.PA.I.I.K5Operating restrictions at various bases.PA.I.I.K6Right-of-way, steering, and sailing rules pertinent to seaplane operation.PA.I.I.K7Marine navigation aids, such as buoys, beacons, lights, sound signals, and range markers.PA.I.I.K8Naval vessel protection zones.PA.I.I.K9No wake zones.
PA.I.I.S1Assess the water surface characteristics for the proposed flight.PA.I.I.S2Identify restrictions at local seaplane bases.PA.I.I.S3Identify marine navigation aids.PA.I.I.S4Describe correct right-of-way, steering, and sailing operations.PA.I.I.S5Explain how float and hull construction can affect seaplane performance.PA.I.I.S6Describe how to correct for porpoising and skipping.
›Area of Operation II. Preflight Procedures6 tasks
Task A. Preflight Assessment
To determine the applicant exhibits satisfactory knowledge, risk management, and skills associated with preparation for safe flight.
References: FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-3, FAA-H-8083-23, FAA-H-8083-25, FAA-H-8083-28; POH/AFM
PA.II.A.K1Pilot self-assessment.PA.II.A.K2Determining that the airplane to be used is appropriate and airworthy.PA.II.A.K3Airplane preflight inspection, including:PA.II.A.K3aWhich items should be inspectedPA.II.A.K3bThe reasons for checking each itemPA.II.A.K3cHow to detect possible defectsPA.II.A.K3dThe associated regulationsPA.II.A.K4Environmental factors, including weather, terrain, route selection, and obstructions.
Task B. Flight Deck Management
To determine the applicant exhibits satisfactory knowledge, risk management, and skills associated with flight deck management practices.
References: 14 CFR part 91; AC 120-71; FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-3, FAA-H-8083-25; POH/AFM
PA.II.B.S1Secure all items in the aircraft.PA.II.B.S2Conduct an appropriate passenger briefing, including identifying the pilot-in-command (PIC), use of safety belts, shoulder harnesses, doors, passenger conduct, sterile aircraft, propeller blade avoidance, and emergency procedures.PA.II.B.S3Properly program and manage the aircraft’s automation, as applicable.PA.II.B.S4Appropriately manage risks by utilizing ADM, including SRM/CRM.
Note: See Appendix 2: Safety of Flight.
Task C. Engine Starting
To determine the applicant exhibits satisfactory knowledge, risk management, and skills associated with recommended engine starting procedures.
References: FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-3, FAA-H-8083-25; POH/AFM
Task D. Taxiing (ASEL, AMEL)
To determine the applicant exhibits satisfactory knowledge, risk management, and skills associated with taxi operations, including runway incursion avoidance.
References: AC 91-73; AIM; Chart Supplements; FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-3, FAA-H-8083-25; POH/AFM
PA.II.D.K1Current airport aeronautical references and information resources such as the Chart Supplement, airport diagram, and Notices to Air Missions (NOTAMs).PA.II.D.K2Taxi instructions/clearances.PA.II.D.K3Airport markings, signs, and lights.PA.II.D.K4Visual indicators for wind.PA.II.D.K5Aircraft lighting, as appropriate.PA.II.D.K6Procedures for:PA.II.D.K6aAppropriate flight deck activities prior to taxi, including route planning and identifying the location of Hot SpotsPA.II.D.K6bRadio communications at towered and nontowered airportsPA.II.D.K6cEntering or crossing runwaysPA.II.D.K6dNight taxi operationsPA.II.D.K6eLow visibility taxi operations
PA.II.D.S1Receive and correctly read back clearances/instructions, if applicable.PA.II.D.S2Use an airport diagram or taxi chart during taxi, if published, and maintain situational awareness.PA.II.D.S3Position the flight controls for the existing wind, if applicable.PA.II.D.S4Complete the appropriate checklist(s).PA.II.D.S5Perform a brake check immediately after the airplane begins moving.PA.II.D.S6Maintain positive control of the airplane during ground operations by controlling direction and speed without excessive use of brakes.PA.II.D.S7Comply with airport/taxiway markings, signals, and air traffic control (ATC) clearances and instructions.PA.II.D.S8Position the airplane properly relative to hold lines.
Task E. Taxiing and Sailing (ASES, AMES)
To determine the applicant exhibits satisfactory knowledge, risk management, and skills associated with taxiing and sailing operations, including runway incursion avoidance.
References: AC 91-73; AIM; Chart Supplements; FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-3, FAA-H-8083-23, FAA-H-8083-25; POH/AFM
PA.II.E.K1Airport information resources, including Chart Supplements, airport diagram, and appropriate references.PA.II.E.K2Taxi instructions/clearances.PA.II.E.K3Airport/seaplane base markings, signs, and lights.PA.II.E.K4Visual indicators for wind.PA.II.E.K5Airplane lighting.PA.II.E.K6Procedures for:PA.II.E.K6aAppropriate flight deck activities during taxiing or sailingPA.II.E.K6bRadio communications at towered and nontowered seaplane bases
PA.II.E.S1Receive and correctly read back clearances/instructions, if applicable.PA.II.E.S2Use an appropriate airport diagram or taxi chart, if published.PA.II.E.S3Comply with seaplane base/airport/taxiway markings, signals, and signs.PA.II.E.S4Depart the dock/mooring buoy or beach/ramp in a safe manner, considering wind, current, traffic, and hazards.PA.II.E.S5Complete the appropriate checklist(s).PA.II.E.S6Position the flight controls, flaps, doors, water rudders, and power correctly for the existing conditions to follow the desired course while sailing and to prevent or correct for porpoising and skipping during step taxi.PA.II.E.S7Exhibit procedures for steering and maneuvering while maintaining proper situational awareness and desired orientation, path, and position while taxiing using idle, plow, or step taxi technique, as appropriate.PA.II.E.S8Plan and follow the most favorable taxi or sailing course for current conditions.PA.II.E.S9Abide by right-of-way rules, maintain positive airplane control, proper speed, and separation between other aircraft, vessels, and persons.PA.II.E.S10Comply with applicable taxi elements in Task D if the practical test is conducted in an amphibious airplane.
Task F. Before Takeoff Check
To determine the applicant exhibits satisfactory knowledge, risk management, and skills associated with before takeoff check.
References: FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-3, FAA-H-8083-23, FAA-H-8083-25; POH/AFM
PA.II.F.R1Division of attention while conducting before takeoff checks.PA.II.F.R2Unexpected runway changes by air traffic control (ATC).PA.II.F.R3Wake turbulence.PA.II.F.R4Potential powerplant failure during takeoff or other malfunction considering operational factors such as airplane characteristics, runway/takeoff path length, surface conditions, environmental conditions, and obstructions.
PA.II.F.S1Review takeoff performance.PA.II.F.S2Complete the appropriate checklist(s).PA.II.F.S3Position the airplane appropriately considering wind direction and the presence of any aircraft, vessels, or buildings as applicable.PA.II.F.S4Divide attention inside and outside the flight deck.PA.II.F.S5Verify that engine parameters and airplane configuration are suitable.
›Area of Operation III. Airport and Seaplane Base Operations2 tasks
Task A. Communications, Light Signals, and Runway Lighting Systems
To determine the applicant exhibits satisfactory knowledge, risk management, and skills associated with normal and emergency radio communications, air traffic control (ATC) light signals, and runway lighting systems.
References: 14 CFR part 91; AIM; FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-3, FAA-H-8083-25
PA.III.A.K1How to obtain appropriate radio frequencies.PA.III.A.K2Proper radio communication procedures and air traffic control (ATC) phraseology.PA.III.A.K3ATC light signal recognition.PA.III.A.K4Appropriate use of transponder(s).PA.III.A.K5Lost communication procedures.PA.III.A.K6Equipment issues that could cause loss of communication.PA.III.A.K7Radar assistance.PA.III.A.K8National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) accident/incident reporting.PA.III.A.K9Runway Status Lighting Systems.
PA.III.A.S1Select and activate appropriate frequencies.PA.III.A.S2Transmit using standard phraseology and procedures as specified in the Aeronautical Information Manual (AIM) and Pilot/Controller Glossary.PA.III.A.S3Acknowledge radio communications and comply with ATC instructions or as directed by the evaluator.
Task B. Traffic Patterns
To determine the applicant exhibits satisfactory knowledge, risk management, and skills associated with traffic patterns.
References: 14 CFR part 91; AIM; FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-3, FAA-H-8083-25
PA.III.B.S1Identify and interpret airport/seaplane base runways, taxiways, markings, signs, and lighting.PA.III.B.S2Comply with recommended traffic pattern procedures.PA.III.B.S3Correct for wind drift to maintain the proper ground track.PA.III.B.S4Maintain orientation with the runway/landing area in use.PA.III.B.S5Maintain traffic pattern altitude, ±100 feet, and the appropriate airspeed, ±10 knots.PA.III.B.S6Maintain situational awareness and proper spacing from other aircraft in the traffic pattern.
›Area of Operation IV. Takeoffs, Landings, and Go-Arounds14 tasks
Task A. Normal Takeoff and Climb
To determine the applicant exhibits satisfactory knowledge, risk management, and skills associated with normal takeoff, climb operations, and rejected takeoff procedures.
References: AIM; FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-3, FAA-H-8083-23, FAA-H-8083-25; POH/AFM
PA.IV.A.R1Selection of runway or takeoff path based on aircraft performance and limitations, available distance, and wind.PA.IV.A.R2Effects of:PA.IV.A.R2aCrosswindPA.IV.A.R2bWindshearPA.IV.A.R2cTailwindPA.IV.A.R2dWake turbulencePA.IV.A.R2eTakeoff surface/conditionPA.IV.A.R3Abnormal operations, including planning for:PA.IV.A.R3aRejected takeoffPA.IV.A.R3bPotential engine failure in takeoff/climb phase of flightPA.IV.A.R4Collision hazards.PA.IV.A.R5Low altitude maneuvering, including stall, spin, or controlled flight into terrain (CFIT).PA.IV.A.R6Distractions, task prioritization, loss of situational awareness, or disorientation.PA.IV.A.R7Runway incursion.
PA.IV.A.S1Complete the appropriate checklist(s).PA.IV.A.S2Make radio calls as appropriate.PA.IV.A.S3Verify assigned/correct runway or takeoff path.PA.IV.A.S4Determine wind direction with or without visible wind direction indicators.PA.IV.A.S5Position the flight controls for the existing wind, if applicable.PA.IV.A.S6Clear the area, taxi into takeoff position, and align the airplane on the runway centerline (ASEL, AMEL) or takeoff path (ASES, AMES).PA.IV.A.S6aRetract the water rudders, as appropriate (ASES, AMES)PA.IV.A.S7Advance the throttle smoothly to takeoff power and confirm proper engine and flight instrument indications prior to rotation.PA.IV.A.S7aEstablish and maintain the most efficient planing/lift-off attitude, and correct for porpoising or skipping (ASES, AMES)PA.IV.A.S8Avoid excessive water spray on the propeller(s) (ASES, AMES).PA.IV.A.S9Rotate and lift off at the recommended airspeed and accelerate to VY.PA.IV.A.S10[Archived]PA.IV.A.S11Establish a pitch attitude to maintain the manufacturer’s recommended speed or VY, +10/-5 knots.PA.IV.A.S12Configure the airplane in accordance with manufacturer’s guidance.PA.IV.A.S13Maintain VY +10/-5 knots to a safe maneuvering altitude.PA.IV.A.S14Maintain directional control and proper wind-drift correction throughout takeoff and climb.PA.IV.A.S15Comply with noise abatement procedures, as applicable.
Note: If a crosswind condition does not exist, the applicant’s knowledge of crosswind elements must be evaluated through oral testing.
Task B. Normal Approach and Landing
To determine the applicant exhibits satisfactory knowledge, risk management, and skills associated with normal approach and landing with emphasis on proper use and coordination of flight controls.
References: AIM; FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-3, FAA-H-8083-23, FAA-H-8083-25; POH/AFM
PA.IV.B.R1Selection of runway/landing surface, approach path, and touchdown area based on pilot capability, aircraft performance and limitations, available distance, and wind.PA.IV.B.R2Effects of:PA.IV.B.R2aCrosswindPA.IV.B.R2bWindshearPA.IV.B.R2cTailwindPA.IV.B.R2dWake turbulencePA.IV.B.R2eLanding surface/conditionPA.IV.B.R3Planning for:PA.IV.B.R3aRejected landing and go-aroundPA.IV.B.R3bLand and hold short operations (LAHSO)PA.IV.B.R4Collision hazards.PA.IV.B.R5Low altitude maneuvering, including stall, spin, or controlled flight into terrain (CFIT).PA.IV.B.R6Distractions, task prioritization, loss of situational awareness, or disorientation.
PA.IV.B.S1Complete the appropriate checklist(s).PA.IV.B.S2Make radio calls as appropriate.PA.IV.B.S3Ensure the airplane is aligned with the correct/assigned runway or landing surface.PA.IV.B.S4Scan the runway or landing surface and adjoining area for traffic and obstructions.PA.IV.B.S5Select and aim for a suitable touchdown point considering the wind conditions, landing surface, and obstructions.PA.IV.B.S6Establish the recommended approach and landing configuration, airspeed, and trim, and adjust pitch attitude and power as required to maintain a stabilized approach.PA.IV.B.S7Maintain manufacturer’s published approach airspeed or in its absence not more than 1.3 times the stalling speed or the minimum steady flight speed in the landing configuration (VSO), +10/-5 knots with gust factor applied.PA.IV.B.S8Maintain directional control and appropriate crosswind correction throughout the approach and landing.PA.IV.B.S9Make smooth, timely, and correct control application during round out and touchdown.PA.IV.B.S10Touch down at a proper pitch attitude, within 400 feet beyond or on the specified point, with no side drift, and with the airplane’s longitudinal axis aligned with and over the runway center/landing path.PA.IV.B.S11Execute a timely go-around if the approach cannot be made within the tolerances specified above or for any other condition that may result in an unsafe approach or landing.PA.IV.B.S12Use runway incursion avoidance procedures, if applicable.
Note: If a crosswind condition does not exist, the applicant’s knowledge of crosswind elements must be evaluated through oral testing.
Task C. Soft-Field Takeoff and Climb (ASEL)
To determine the applicant exhibits satisfactory knowledge, risk management, and skills associated with soft-field takeoff, climb operations, and rejected takeoff procedures.
References: AIM; FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-3, FAA-H-8083-25; POH/AFM
PA.IV.C.K1Effects of atmospheric conditions, including wind, on takeoff and climb performance.PA.IV.C.K2Best angle of climb speed (VX) and best rate of climb speed (VY).PA.IV.C.K3Appropriate airplane configuration.PA.IV.C.K4Ground effect.PA.IV.C.K5Importance of weight transfer from wheels to wings.PA.IV.C.K6Left turning tendencies.
PA.IV.C.R1Selection of runway based on pilot capability, airplane performance and limitations, available distance, and wind.PA.IV.C.R2Effects of:PA.IV.C.R2aCrosswindPA.IV.C.R2bWindshearPA.IV.C.R2cTailwindPA.IV.C.R2dWake turbulencePA.IV.C.R2eTakeoff surface/conditionPA.IV.C.R3Abnormal operations, including planning for:PA.IV.C.R3aRejected takeoffPA.IV.C.R3bPotential engine failure in takeoff/climb phase of flightPA.IV.C.R4Collision hazards.PA.IV.C.R5Low altitude maneuvering, including stall, spin, or controlled flight into terrain (CFIT).PA.IV.C.R6Distractions, task prioritization, loss of situational awareness, or disorientation.
PA.IV.C.S1Complete the appropriate checklist(s).PA.IV.C.S2Make radio calls as appropriate.PA.IV.C.S3Verify assigned/correct runway.PA.IV.C.S4Determine wind direction with or without visible wind direction indicators.PA.IV.C.S5Position the flight controls for the existing wind, if applicable.PA.IV.C.S6Clear the area, maintain necessary flight control inputs, taxi into takeoff position and align the airplane on the runway centerline without stopping, while advancing the throttle smoothly to takeoff power.PA.IV.C.S7Confirm takeoff power and proper engine and flight instrument indications.PA.IV.C.S8Establish and maintain a pitch attitude that transfers the weight of the airplane from the wheels to the wings as rapidly as possible.PA.IV.C.S9Lift off at the lowest possible airspeed and remain in ground effect while accelerating to VX or VY, as appropriate.PA.IV.C.S10Establish a pitch attitude for VX or VY, as appropriate, and maintain selected airspeed +10/-5 knots during the climb.PA.IV.C.S11Configure the airplane after a positive rate of climb has been verified or in accordance with airplane manufacturer’s instructions.PA.IV.C.S12Maintain VX or VY, as appropriate, +10/-5 knots to a safe maneuvering altitude.PA.IV.C.S13Maintain directional control and proper wind-drift correction throughout takeoff and climb.PA.IV.C.S14Comply with noise abatement procedures, as applicable.
Task D. Soft-Field Approach and Landing (ASEL)
To determine the applicant exhibits satisfactory knowledge, risk management, and skills associated with soft-field approach and landing with emphasis on proper use and coordination of flight controls.
References: AIM; FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-3, FAA-H-8083-25; POH/AFM
PA.IV.D.R1Selection of runway based on pilot capability, airplane performance and limitations, available distance, and wind.PA.IV.D.R2Effects of:PA.IV.D.R2aCrosswindPA.IV.D.R2bWindshearPA.IV.D.R2cTailwindPA.IV.D.R2dWake turbulencePA.IV.D.R2eLanding surface/conditionPA.IV.D.R3Planning for:PA.IV.D.R3aRejected landing and go-aroundPA.IV.D.R3bLand and hold short operations (LAHSO)PA.IV.D.R4Collision hazards.PA.IV.D.R5Low altitude maneuvering, including stall, spin, or controlled flight into terrain (CFIT).PA.IV.D.R6Distractions, task prioritization, loss of situational awareness, or disorientation.
PA.IV.D.S1Complete the appropriate checklist(s).PA.IV.D.S2Make radio calls as appropriate.PA.IV.D.S3Ensure the airplane is aligned with the correct/assigned runway.PA.IV.D.S4Scan the landing runway and adjoining area for traffic and obstructions.PA.IV.D.S5Select and aim for a suitable touchdown point considering the wind conditions, landing surface, and obstructions.PA.IV.D.S6Establish the recommended approach and landing configuration, airspeed, and trim, and adjust pitch attitude and power as required to maintain a stabilized approach.PA.IV.D.S7Maintain manufacturer’s published approach airspeed or in its absence not more than 1.3 VSO, +10/-5 knots with gust factor applied.PA.IV.D.S8Maintain directional control and appropriate crosswind correction throughout the approach and landing.PA.IV.D.S9Make smooth, timely, and correct control inputs during the round out and touchdown, and, for tricycle gear airplanes, keep the nose wheel off the surface until loss of elevator effectiveness.PA.IV.D.S10Touch down at a proper pitch attitude with minimum sink rate, no side drift, and with the airplane’s longitudinal axis aligned with the center of the runway.PA.IV.D.S11Maintain elevator as recommended by manufacturer during rollout and exit the “soft” area at a speed that would preclude sinking into the surface.PA.IV.D.S12Execute a timely go-around if the approach cannot be made within the tolerances specified above or for any other condition that may result in an unsafe approach or landing.PA.IV.D.S13Maintain proper position of the flight controls and sufficient speed to taxi while on the soft surface.
Task E. Short-Field Takeoff and Maximum Performance Climb (ASEL, AMEL)
To determine the applicant exhibits satisfactory knowledge, risk management, and skills associated with short-field takeoff, maximum performance climb operations, and rejected takeoff procedures.
References: AIM; FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-3, FAA-H-8083-25; POH/AFM
PA.IV.E.R1Selection of runway based on pilot capability, airplane performance and limitations, available distance, and wind.PA.IV.E.R2Effects of:PA.IV.E.R2aCrosswindPA.IV.E.R2bWindshearPA.IV.E.R2cTailwindPA.IV.E.R2dWake turbulencePA.IV.E.R2eTakeoff surface/conditionPA.IV.E.R3Abnormal operations, including planning for:PA.IV.E.R3aRejected takeoffPA.IV.E.R3bPotential engine failure in takeoff/climb phase of flightPA.IV.E.R4Collision hazards.PA.IV.E.R5Low altitude maneuvering, including stall, spin, or controlled flight into terrain (CFIT).PA.IV.E.R6Distractions, task prioritization, loss of situational awareness, or disorientation.
PA.IV.E.S1Complete the appropriate checklist(s).PA.IV.E.S2Make radio calls as appropriate.PA.IV.E.S3Verify assigned/correct runway.PA.IV.E.S4Determine wind direction with or without visible wind direction indicators.PA.IV.E.S5Position the flight controls for the existing wind, if applicable.PA.IV.E.S6Clear the area, taxi into takeoff position, and align the airplane on the runway centerline utilizing maximum available takeoff area.PA.IV.E.S7Apply brakes while setting engine power to achieve maximum performance.PA.IV.E.S8Confirm takeoff power prior to brake release and verify proper engine and flight instrument indications prior to rotation.PA.IV.E.S9Rotate and lift off at the recommended airspeed and accelerate to the recommended obstacle clearance airspeed or VX, +10/-5 knots.PA.IV.E.S10Establish a pitch attitude to maintain the recommended obstacle clearance airspeed or VX, +10/-5 knots until the obstacle is cleared or until the airplane is 50 feet above the surface.PA.IV.E.S11Establish a pitch attitude for VY and accelerate to VY +10/-5 knots after clearing the obstacle or at 50 feet AGL if simulating an obstacle.PA.IV.E.S12Configure the airplane in accordance with the manufacturer’s guidance after a positive rate of climb has been verified.PA.IV.E.S13Maintain VY +10/-5 knots to a safe maneuvering altitude.PA.IV.E.S14Maintain directional control and proper wind-drift correction throughout takeoff and climb.PA.IV.E.S15Comply with noise abatement procedures, as applicable.
Task F. Short-Field Approach and Landing (ASEL, AMEL)
To determine the applicant exhibits satisfactory knowledge, risk management, and skills associated with short-field approach and landing with emphasis on proper use and coordination of flight controls.
References: AIM; FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-3, FAA-H-8083-25; POH/AFM
PA.IV.F.R1Selection of runway based on pilot capability, airplane performance and limitations, available distance, and wind.PA.IV.F.R2Effects of:PA.IV.F.R2aCrosswindPA.IV.F.R2bWindshearPA.IV.F.R2cTailwindPA.IV.F.R2dWake turbulencePA.IV.F.R2eLanding surface/conditionPA.IV.F.R3Planning for:PA.IV.F.R3aRejected landing and go-aroundPA.IV.F.R3bLand and hold short operations (LAHSO)PA.IV.F.R4Collision hazards.PA.IV.F.R5Low altitude maneuvering, including stall, spin, or controlled flight into terrain (CFIT).PA.IV.F.R6Distractions, task prioritization, loss of situational awareness, or disorientation.
PA.IV.F.S1Complete the appropriate checklist(s).PA.IV.F.S2Make radio calls as appropriate.PA.IV.F.S3Ensure the airplane is aligned with the correct/assigned runway.PA.IV.F.S4Scan the landing runway and adjoining area for traffic and obstructions.PA.IV.F.S5Select and aim for a suitable touchdown point considering the wind conditions, landing surface, and obstructions.PA.IV.F.S6Establish the recommended approach and landing configuration, airspeed, and trim, and adjust pitch attitude and power as required to maintain a stabilized approach.PA.IV.F.S7Maintain manufacturer’s published approach airspeed or in its absence not more than 1.3 VSO, +10/-5 knots with gust factor applied.PA.IV.F.S8Maintain directional control and appropriate crosswind correction throughout the approach and landing.PA.IV.F.S9Make smooth, timely, and correct control application before, during, and after touchdown.PA.IV.F.S10Touch down at a proper pitch attitude within 200 feet beyond or on the specified point, threshold markings, or runway numbers, with no side drift, minimum float, and with the airplane's longitudinal axis aligned with and over the runway centerline.PA.IV.F.S11Use manufacturer’s recommended procedures for airplane configuration and braking.PA.IV.F.S12Execute a timely go-around if the approach cannot be made within the tolerances specified above or for any other condition that may result in an unsafe approach or landing.PA.IV.F.S13Use runway incursion avoidance procedures, if applicable.
Task G. Confined Area Takeoff and Maximum Performance Climb (ASES, AMES)
To determine the applicant exhibits satisfactory knowledge, risk management, and skills associated with confined area takeoff and maximum performance climb.
References: AIM; FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-3, FAA-H-8083-23, FAA-H-8083-25; POH/AFM
PA.IV.G.R1Selection of takeoff path based on pilot capability, airplane performance and limitations, available distance, and wind.PA.IV.G.R2Effects of:PA.IV.G.R2aCrosswindPA.IV.G.R2bWindshearPA.IV.G.R2cTailwindPA.IV.G.R2dWake turbulencePA.IV.G.R2eWater surface/conditionPA.IV.G.R3Abnormal operations, including planning for:PA.IV.G.R3aRejected takeoffPA.IV.G.R3bPotential engine failure in takeoff/climb phase of flightPA.IV.G.R4Collision hazards.PA.IV.G.R5Low altitude maneuvering, including stall, spin, or controlled flight into terrain (CFIT).PA.IV.G.R6Distractions, task prioritization, loss of situational awareness, or disorientation.
PA.IV.G.S1Complete the appropriate checklist(s).PA.IV.G.S2Make radio calls as appropriate.PA.IV.G.S3Verify assigned/correct takeoff path.PA.IV.G.S4Determine wind direction with or without visible wind direction indicators.PA.IV.G.S5Position the flight controls for the existing wind, if applicable.PA.IV.G.S6Clear the area, taxi into takeoff position utilizing maximum available takeoff area, and align the airplane on the takeoff path.PA.IV.G.S6aRetract the water rudders, as appropriatePA.IV.G.S7Advance the throttle smoothly to takeoff power and confirm proper engine and flight instrument indications prior to rotation.PA.IV.G.S8Establish a pitch attitude that maintains the most efficient planing/lift-off attitude and correct for porpoising and skipping.PA.IV.G.S9Avoid excessive water spray on the propeller(s).PA.IV.G.S10Rotate and lift off at the recommended airspeed, and accelerate to the recommended obstacle clearance airspeed or VX.PA.IV.G.S11Establish a pitch attitude to maintain the recommended obstacle clearance airspeed or VX, +10/-5 knots until the obstacle is cleared or until the airplane is 50 feet above the surface.PA.IV.G.S12Establish a pitch attitude for VY and accelerate to VY +10/-5 knots after clearing the obstacle or at 50 feet AGL if simulating an obstacle.PA.IV.G.S13Retract flaps, if extended, after a positive rate of climb has been verified or in accordance with airplane manufacturer’s guidance.PA.IV.G.S14Maintain VY +10/-5 knots to a safe maneuvering altitude.PA.IV.G.S15Maintain directional control and proper wind-drift correction throughout takeoff and climb.PA.IV.G.S16Comply with noise abatement procedures, as applicable.
Task H. Confined Area Approach and Landing (ASES, AMES)
To determine the applicant exhibits satisfactory knowledge, risk management, and skills associated with confined area approach and landing.
References: AIM; FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-3, FAA-H-8083-23, FAA-H-8083-25; POH/AFM
PA.IV.H.R1Selection of approach path and touchdown area based on pilot capability, airplane performance and limitations, available distance, and wind.PA.IV.H.R2Effects of:PA.IV.H.R2aCrosswindPA.IV.H.R2bWindshearPA.IV.H.R2cTailwindPA.IV.H.R2dWake turbulencePA.IV.H.R2eWater surface/conditionPA.IV.H.R3Planning for a go-around and rejected landing.PA.IV.H.R4Collision hazards.PA.IV.H.R5Low altitude maneuvering, including stall, spin, or controlled flight into terrain (CFIT).PA.IV.H.R6Distractions, task prioritization, loss of situational awareness, or disorientation.
PA.IV.H.S1Complete the appropriate checklist(s).PA.IV.H.S2Make radio calls as appropriate.PA.IV.H.S3Ensure the airplane is aligned for an approach to the correct/assigned landing surface.PA.IV.H.S4Scan the landing area for traffic and obstructions.PA.IV.H.S5Select and aim for a suitable touchdown point considering the wind conditions, landing surface, and obstructions.PA.IV.H.S6Establish the recommended approach and landing configuration, airspeed, and trim, and adjust pitch attitude and power as required to maintain a stabilized approach.PA.IV.H.S7Maintain manufacturer’s published approach airspeed or in its absence not more than 1.3 VSO, +10/-5 knots with gust factor applied.PA.IV.H.S8Maintain directional control and appropriate crosswind correction throughout the approach and landing.PA.IV.H.S9Make smooth, timely, and correct control application before, during, and after touchdown.PA.IV.H.S10Contact the water at the recommended airspeed with a proper pitch attitude for the surface conditions.PA.IV.H.S11Touch down at a proper pitch attitude, within 200 feet beyond or on the specified point, with no side drift, minimum float, and with the airplane’s longitudinal axis aligned with the projected landing path.PA.IV.H.S12Execute a timely go-around if the approach cannot be made within the tolerances specified above or for any other condition that may result in an unsafe approach or landing.PA.IV.H.S13Apply elevator control as necessary to stop in the shortest distance consistent with safety.
Task I. Glassy Water Takeoff and Climb (ASES, AMES)
To determine the applicant exhibits satisfactory knowledge, risk management, and skills associated with glassy water takeoff and climb.
References: AIM; FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-3, FAA-H-8083-23, FAA-H-8083-25; POH/AFM
PA.IV.I.R1Selection of takeoff path based on pilot capability, airplane performance and limitations, and available distance.PA.IV.I.R2Water surface/condition.PA.IV.I.R3Abnormal operations, including planning for:PA.IV.I.R3aRejected takeoffPA.IV.I.R3bPotential engine failure in takeoff/climb phase of flightPA.IV.I.R4Collision hazards.PA.IV.I.R5Low altitude maneuvering, including stall, spin, or controlled flight into terrain (CFIT).PA.IV.I.R6Distractions, task prioritization, loss of situational awareness, or disorientation.PA.IV.I.R7Gear position in an amphibious airplane.
PA.IV.I.S1Complete the appropriate checklist(s).PA.IV.I.S2Make radio calls as appropriate.PA.IV.I.S3Position flight controls and configure the aircraft for the existing conditions.PA.IV.I.S4Clear the area, select appropriate takeoff path considering surface hazards or vessels and surface conditions:PA.IV.I.S4aRetract the water rudders, as appropriatePA.IV.I.S4bAdvance the throttle smoothly to takeoff power and confirm proper engine and flight instrument indications prior to rotationPA.IV.I.S5[Archived]PA.IV.I.S6Establish and maintain an appropriate planing attitude, directional control, and correct for porpoising, skipping, and increase in water drag.PA.IV.I.S7Avoid excessive water spray on the propeller(s).PA.IV.I.S8Use appropriate techniques to lift seaplane from the water considering surface conditions.PA.IV.I.S9Establish proper attitude/airspeed and accelerate to VY +10/-5 knots during the climb.PA.IV.I.S10Configure the airplane after a positive rate of climb has been verified or in accordance with airplane manufacturer’s instructions.PA.IV.I.S11Maintain VY +10/-5 knots to a safe maneuvering altitude.PA.IV.I.S12Maintain directional control throughout takeoff and climb.
Note: If a glassy water condition does not exist, the applicant must be evaluated by simulating the Task.
Task J. Glassy Water Approach and Landing (ASES, AMES)
To determine the applicant exhibits satisfactory knowledge, risk management, and skills associated with glassy water approach and landing.
References: AIM; FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-3, FAA-H-8083-23, FAA-H-8083-25; POH/AFM
PA.IV.J.R1Selection of approach path and touchdown area based on pilot capability, airplane performance and limitations, and available distance.PA.IV.J.R2Water surface/condition.PA.IV.J.R3Planning for a go-around and rejected landing.PA.IV.J.R4Collision hazards.PA.IV.J.R5Low altitude maneuvering, including stall, spin, or controlled flight into terrain (CFIT).PA.IV.J.R6Distractions, task prioritization, loss of situational awareness, or disorientation.PA.IV.J.R7Gear position in an amphibious airplane.
PA.IV.J.S1Complete the appropriate checklist(s).PA.IV.J.S2Make radio calls as appropriate.PA.IV.J.S3Scan the landing area for traffic and obstructions.PA.IV.J.S4Select a proper approach and landing path considering the landing surface, visual attitude references, water depth, and collision hazards.PA.IV.J.S5Establish the recommended approach and landing configuration, airspeed, and trim, and adjust pitch attitude and power as required to maintain a stabilized approach.PA.IV.J.S6Maintain manufacturer’s published approach airspeed or in its absence not more than 1.3 VSO, +10/-5 knots.PA.IV.J.S7Make smooth, timely, and correct power and control adjustments to maintain proper pitch attitude and rate of descent to touchdown.PA.IV.J.S8Contact the water in a proper pitch attitude, and slow to idle taxi speed.PA.IV.J.S9Maintain directional control throughout the approach and landing.
Note: If a glassy water condition does not exist, the applicant must be evaluated by simulating the Task.
Task K. Rough Water Takeoff and Climb (ASES, AMES)
To determine the applicant exhibits satisfactory knowledge, risk management, and skills associated with rough water takeoff and climb.
References: AIM; FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-3, FAA-H-8083-23, FAA-H-8083-25; POH/AFM
PA.IV.K.R1Selection of takeoff path based on pilot capability, airplane performance and limitations, available distance, and wind.PA.IV.K.R2Effects of:PA.IV.K.R2aCrosswindPA.IV.K.R2bWindshearPA.IV.K.R2cTailwindPA.IV.K.R2dWake turbulencePA.IV.K.R2eWater surface/conditionPA.IV.K.R3Abnormal operations, including planning for:PA.IV.K.R3aRejected takeoffPA.IV.K.R3bPotential engine failure in takeoff/climb phase of flightPA.IV.K.R4Collision hazards.PA.IV.K.R5Low altitude maneuvering, including stall, spin, or controlled flight into terrain (CFIT).PA.IV.K.R6Distractions, task prioritization, loss of situational awareness, or disorientation.PA.IV.K.R7Gear position in an amphibious airplane.
PA.IV.K.S1Complete the appropriate checklist(s).PA.IV.K.S2Make radio calls as appropriate.PA.IV.K.S3Verify assigned/correct takeoff path.PA.IV.K.S4Determine wind direction with or without visible wind direction indicators.PA.IV.K.S5Position flight controls and configure the airplane for the existing conditions.PA.IV.K.S6Clear the area, select an appropriate takeoff path considering wind, swells, surface hazards, or vessels.PA.IV.K.S6aRetract the water rudders, as appropriatePA.IV.K.S6bAdvance the throttle smoothly to takeoff power and confirm proper engine and flight instrument indications prior to rotationPA.IV.K.S7[Archived]PA.IV.K.S8Establish and maintain an appropriate planing attitude, directional control, and correct for porpoising, skipping, and increase in water drag.PA.IV.K.S9Avoid excessive water spray on the propeller(s).PA.IV.K.S10Lift off at minimum airspeed and accelerate to VY +10/- 5 knots before leaving ground effect.PA.IV.K.S11Configure the airplane after a positive rate of climb has been verified or in accordance with airplane manufacturer’s instructions.PA.IV.K.S12Maintain VY +10/-5 knots to a safe maneuvering altitude.PA.IV.K.S13Maintain directional control and proper wind-drift correction throughout takeoff and climb.
Note: If a rough water condition does not exist, the applicant must be evaluated by simulating the Task.
Task L. Rough Water Approach and Landing (ASES, AMES)
To determine the applicant exhibits satisfactory knowledge, risk management, and skills associated with rough water approach and landing.
References: AIM; FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-3, FAA-H-8083-23, FAA-H-8083-25; POH/AFM
PA.IV.L.K1A stabilized approach, including energy management concepts.PA.IV.L.K2Effects of atmospheric conditions, including wind, on approach and landing performance.PA.IV.L.K3Wind correction techniques on approach and landing.PA.IV.L.K4When and why rough water techniques are used.PA.IV.L.K5How to perform a proper rough water approach and landing.
PA.IV.L.R1Selection of approach path and touchdown area based on pilot capability, airplane performance and limitations, available distance, and wind.PA.IV.L.R2Effects of:PA.IV.L.R2aCrosswindPA.IV.L.R2bWindshearPA.IV.L.R2cTailwindPA.IV.L.R2dWake turbulencePA.IV.L.R2eWater surface/conditionPA.IV.L.R3Planning for a go-around and rejected landing.PA.IV.L.R4Collision hazards.PA.IV.L.R5Low altitude maneuvering, including stall, spin, or controlled flight into terrain (CFIT).PA.IV.L.R6Distractions, task prioritization, loss of situational awareness, or disorientation.PA.IV.L.R7Gear position in an amphibious airplane.
PA.IV.L.S1Complete the appropriate checklist(s).PA.IV.L.S2Make radio calls as appropriate.PA.IV.L.S3Ensure the airplane is aligned with the correct/assigned waterway.PA.IV.L.S4Scan the landing area for traffic and obstructions.PA.IV.L.S5Select and aim for a suitable touchdown point considering the wind conditions, landing surface, and obstructions.PA.IV.L.S6Establish the recommended approach and landing configuration, airspeed, and trim, and adjust pitch attitude and power as required to maintain a stabilized approach.PA.IV.L.S7Maintain manufacturer’s published approach airspeed or in its absence not more than 1.3 VSO, +10/-5 knots with gust factor applied.PA.IV.L.S8Maintain directional control and appropriate crosswind correction throughout the approach and landing.PA.IV.L.S9Make smooth, timely, and correct power and control adjustments to maintain proper pitch attitude and rate of descent to touchdown.PA.IV.L.S10Contact the water in a proper pitch attitude, considering the type of rough water.
Note: If a rough water condition does not exist, the applicant must be evaluated by simulating the Task.
Task M. Forward Slip to a Landing (ASEL, ASES)
To determine the applicant exhibits satisfactory knowledge, risk management, and skills associated with forward slip to a landing.
References: AIM; FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-3, FAA-H-8083-25; POH/AFM
PA.IV.M.R1Selection of runway/landing surface, approach path, and touchdown area based on pilot capability, aircraft performance and limitations, available distance, and wind.PA.IV.M.R2Effects of:PA.IV.M.R2aCrosswindPA.IV.M.R2bWindshearPA.IV.M.R2cTailwindPA.IV.M.R2dWake turbulencePA.IV.M.R2eLanding surface/conditionPA.IV.M.R3Planning for:PA.IV.M.R3aRejected landing and go-aroundPA.IV.M.R3bLand and hold short operations (LAHSO)PA.IV.M.R4Collision hazards.PA.IV.M.R5Low altitude maneuvering, including stall, spin, or controlled flight into terrain (CFIT).PA.IV.M.R6Distractions, task prioritization, loss of situational awareness, or disorientation.PA.IV.M.R7Forward slip operations, including fuel flowage, tail stalls with flaps, and airspeed control.PA.IV.M.R8Surface contact with the airplane’s longitudinal axis misaligned.PA.IV.M.R9Unstable approach.
PA.IV.M.S1Complete the appropriate checklist(s).PA.IV.M.S2Make radio calls as appropriate.PA.IV.M.S3Plan and follow a flightpath to the selected landing area considering altitude, wind, terrain, and obstructions.PA.IV.M.S4Select the most suitable touchdown point based on wind, landing surface, obstructions, and airplane limitations.PA.IV.M.S5Position airplane on downwind leg, parallel to landing runway or selected landing surface.PA.IV.M.S6Configure the airplane correctly.PA.IV.M.S7As necessary, correlate crosswind with direction of forward slip and transition to side slip before touchdown.PA.IV.M.S8Touch down at a proper pitch attitude, within 400 feet beyond or on the specified point, with no side drift, and with the airplane’s longitudinal axis aligned with and over the runway center/landing path.PA.IV.M.S9Maintain a ground track aligned with the runway center/landing path.
Task N. Go-Around/Rejected Landing
To determine the applicant exhibits satisfactory knowledge, risk management, and skills associated with go-around/rejected landing with emphasis on factors that contribute to landing conditions that may require a go-around.
References: AIM; FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-3, FAA-H-8083-23, FAA-H-8083-25; POH/AFM
PA.IV.N.R1Delayed recognition of the need for a go-around/rejected landing.PA.IV.N.R2Delayed performance of a go-around at low altitude.PA.IV.N.R3Power application.PA.IV.N.R4Configuring the airplane.PA.IV.N.R5Collision hazards.PA.IV.N.R6Low altitude maneuvering, including stall, spin, or controlled flight into terrain (CFIT).PA.IV.N.R7Distractions, task prioritization, loss of situational awareness, or disorientation.PA.IV.N.R8Runway incursion.PA.IV.N.R9Managing a go-around/rejected landing after accepting a LAHSO clearance.
PA.IV.N.S1Complete the appropriate checklist(s).PA.IV.N.S2Make radio calls as appropriate.PA.IV.N.S3Make a timely decision to discontinue the approach to landing.PA.IV.N.S4Apply takeoff power immediately and transition to climb pitch attitude for VX or VY as appropriate +10/-5 knots.PA.IV.N.S5Configure the airplane after a positive rate of climb has been verified or in accordance with airplane manufacturer’s instructions.PA.IV.N.S6Maneuver to the side of the runway/landing area when necessary to clear and avoid conflicting traffic.PA.IV.N.S7Maintain VY +10/-5 knots to a safe maneuvering altitude.PA.IV.N.S8Maintain directional control and proper wind-drift correction throughout the climb.PA.IV.N.S9Use runway incursion avoidance procedures, if applicable.
›Area of Operation V. Performance Maneuvers and Ground Reference Maneuvers2 tasks
Task A. Steep Turns
To determine the applicant exhibits satisfactory knowledge, risk management, and skills associated with steep turns.
References: FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-3, FAA-H-8083-25; POH/AFM
PA.V.A.K1How to conduct a proper steep turn.PA.V.A.K2Aerodynamics associated with steep turns, including:PA.V.A.K2aMaintaining coordinated flightPA.V.A.K2bOverbanking tendenciesPA.V.A.K2cManeuvering speed, including the impact of weight changesPA.V.A.K2dLoad factor and accelerated stallsPA.V.A.K2eRate and radius of turn
PA.V.A.R1Division of attention between aircraft control and orientation.PA.V.A.R2Collision hazards.PA.V.A.R3Low altitude maneuvering, including stall, spin, or controlled flight into terrain (CFIT).PA.V.A.R4Distractions, task prioritization, loss of situational awareness, or disorientation.PA.V.A.R5Uncoordinated flight.
PA.V.A.S1Clear the area.PA.V.A.S2Establish the manufacturer's recommended airspeed; or if one is not available, an airspeed not to exceed the maneuvering speed (VA).PA.V.A.S3Roll into a coordinated 360° steep turn with approximately a 45° bank.PA.V.A.S4Perform the Task in the opposite direction, as specified by evaluator.PA.V.A.S5Maintain the entry altitude ±100 feet, airspeed ±10 knots, bank ±5°, and roll out on the entry heading ±10°.
Task B. Ground Reference Maneuvers
To determine the applicant exhibits satisfactory knowledge, risk management, and skills associated with ground reference maneuvering which may include a rectangular course, S-turns, and turns around a point.
References: 14 CFR part 61; FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-3, FAA-H-8083-25
PA.V.B.R1Division of attention between aircraft control and orientation.PA.V.B.R2Collision hazards.PA.V.B.R3Low altitude maneuvering, including stall, spin, or controlled flight into terrain (CFIT).PA.V.B.R4Distractions, task prioritization, loss of situational awareness, or disorientation.PA.V.B.R5Uncoordinated flight.
PA.V.B.S1Clear the area.PA.V.B.S2Select a suitable ground reference area, line, or point as appropriate.PA.V.B.S3Plan the maneuver:PA.V.B.S3aRectangular course: enter a left or right pattern, 600 to 1,000 feet above ground level (AGL) at an appropriate distance from the selected reference area, 45° to the downwind legPA.V.B.S3bS-turns: enter perpendicular to the selected reference line, 600 to 1,000 feet AGL at an appropriate distance from the selected reference areaPA.V.B.S3cTurns around a point: enter at an appropriate distance from the reference point, 600 to 1,000 feet AGL at an appropriate distance from the selected reference areaPA.V.B.S4Apply adequate wind-drift correction during straight and turning flight to maintain a constant ground track around a rectangular reference area, or to maintain a constant radius turn on each side of a selected reference line or point.PA.V.B.S5If performing S-Turns, reverse the turn directly over the selected reference line; if performing turns around a point, complete turns in either direction, as specified by the evaluator.PA.V.B.S6Divide attention between airplane control, traffic avoidance and the ground track while maintaining coordinated flight.PA.V.B.S7Maintain altitude ±100 feet; maintain airspeed ±10 knots.
Note: The evaluator selects at least one ground reference maneuver for the applicant to demonstrate.
›Area of Operation VI. Navigation4 tasks
Task A. Pilotage and Dead Reckoning
To determine the applicant exhibits satisfactory knowledge, risk management, and skills associated with pilotage and dead reckoning.
References: FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-3, FAA-H-8083-25; VFR Navigation Charts
PA.VI.A.K1Pilotage and dead reckoning.PA.VI.A.K2Magnetic compass errors.PA.VI.A.K3Topography.PA.VI.A.K4Selection of appropriate:PA.VI.A.K4aRoutePA.VI.A.K4bAltitude(s)PA.VI.A.K4cCheckpointsPA.VI.A.K5Plotting a course, including:PA.VI.A.K5aDetermining heading, speed, and coursePA.VI.A.K5bWind correction anglePA.VI.A.K5cEstimating time, speed, and distancePA.VI.A.K5dTrue airspeed and density altitudePA.VI.A.K6Power setting selection.PA.VI.A.K7Planned calculations versus actual results and required corrections.
PA.VI.A.S1Prepare and use a flight log.PA.VI.A.S2Navigate by pilotage.PA.VI.A.S3Navigate by means of pre-computed headings, groundspeeds, elapsed time, and reference to landmarks or checkpoints.PA.VI.A.S4Use the magnetic direction indicator in navigation, including turns to headings.PA.VI.A.S5Verify position within three nautical miles of the flight-planned route.PA.VI.A.S6Arrive at the en route checkpoints within five minutes of the initial or revised estimated time of arrival (ETA) and provide a destination estimate.PA.VI.A.S7Maintain the selected altitude, ±200 feet and heading, ±15°.
Task B. Navigation Systems and Radar Services
To determine the applicant exhibits satisfactory knowledge, risk management, and skills associated with navigation systems and radar services.
References: AC 91-78; AIM; FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-3, FAA-H-8083-25
PA.VI.B.K1Ground-based navigation (identification, orientation, course determination, equipment, tests, regulations, interference, appropriate use of navigation data, and signal integrity).PA.VI.B.K2Satellite-based navigation (e.g., equipment, regulations, authorized use of databases, and Receiver Autonomous Integrity Monitoring (RAIM)).PA.VI.B.K3Radar assistance to visual flight rules (VFR) aircraft (e.g., operations, equipment, available services, traffic advisories).PA.VI.B.K4Transponder (Mode(s) A, C, and S) and Automatic Dependent Surveillance-Broadcast (ADS-B).
PA.VI.B.R1Management of automated navigation and autoflight systems.PA.VI.B.R2Distractions, task prioritization, loss of situational awareness, or disorientation.PA.VI.B.R3Limitations of the navigation system in use.PA.VI.B.R4Loss of a navigation signal.PA.VI.B.R5Use of an electronic flight bag (EFB), if used.
PA.VI.B.S1Use an airborne electronic navigation system.PA.VI.B.S2Determine the airplane’s position using the navigation system.PA.VI.B.S3Intercept and track a given course, radial, or bearing.PA.VI.B.S4Recognize and describe the indication of station or waypoint passage.PA.VI.B.S5Recognize signal loss or interference and take appropriate action, if applicable.PA.VI.B.S6Use proper communication procedures when utilizing radar services.PA.VI.B.S7Maintain the selected altitude, ±200 feet and heading, ±15°.
Note: The evaluator should reference the manufacturer’s equipment supplement(s) as necessary for appropriate limitations, procedures, etc.
Task C. Diversion
To determine the applicant exhibits satisfactory knowledge, risk management, and skills associated with diversion.
References: AIM; FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-3, FAA-H-8083-25; VFR Navigation Charts
PA.VI.C.R1Collision hazards.PA.VI.C.R2Distractions, task prioritization, loss of situational awareness, or disorientation.PA.VI.C.R3Circumstances that would make diversion prudent.PA.VI.C.R4Selecting an appropriate airport or seaplane base.PA.VI.C.R5Using available resources (e.g., automation, ATC, and flight deck planning aids).
PA.VI.C.S1Select a suitable destination and route for diversion.PA.VI.C.S2Make a reasonable estimate of heading, groundspeed, arrival time, and fuel required to the “divert to” destination.PA.VI.C.S3Maintain the selected altitude, ±200 feet and heading, ±15°.PA.VI.C.S4Update/interpret weather in flight.PA.VI.C.S5Use displays of digital weather and aeronautical information, as applicable to maintain situational awareness.PA.VI.C.S6Promptly divert toward the destination.
Task D. Lost Procedures
To determine the applicant exhibits satisfactory knowledge, risk management, and skills associated with lost procedures and can take appropriate steps to achieve a satisfactory outcome if lost.
References: AIM; FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-3, FAA-H-8083-25; VFR Navigation Charts
›Area of Operation VII. Slow Flight and Stalls4 tasks
Task A. Maneuvering During Slow Flight
To determine the applicant exhibits satisfactory knowledge, risk management, and skills associated with maneuvering during slow flight in cruise configuration.
References: FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-3, FAA-H-8083-25; POH/AFM
PA.VII.A.R1Inadvertent slow flight and flight with a stall warning, which could lead to loss of control.PA.VII.A.R2Range and limitations of stall warning indicators (e.g., aircraft buffet, stall horn, etc.).PA.VII.A.R3Uncoordinated flight.PA.VII.A.R4Effect of environmental elements on airplane performance (e.g., turbulence, microbursts, and highdensity altitude).PA.VII.A.R5Collision hazards.PA.VII.A.R6Distractions, task prioritization, loss of situational awareness, or disorientation.
PA.VII.A.S1Clear the area.PA.VII.A.S2Select an entry altitude that allows the Task to be completed no lower than 1,500 feet above ground level (AGL) (ASEL, ASES) or 3,000 feet AGL (AMEL, AMES).PA.VII.A.S3Establish and maintain an airspeed at which any further increase in angle of attack, increase in load factor, or reduction in power, would result in a stall warning (e.g., aircraft buffet, stall horn, etc.).PA.VII.A.S4Accomplish coordinated straight-and-level flight, turns, climbs, and descents with the aircraft configured as specified by the evaluator without a stall warning (e.g., aircraft buffet, stall horn, etc.).PA.VII.A.S5Maintain the specified altitude, ±100 feet; specified heading, ±10°; airspeed, +10/-0 knots; and specified angle of bank, ±10°.
Note: See Appendix 2: Safety of Flight and Appendix 3: Aircraft, Equipment, and Operational Requirements & Limitations for information related to this Task.
Task B. Power-Off Stalls
To determine the applicant exhibits satisfactory knowledge, risk management, and skills associated with power-off stalls.
References: AC 61-67; FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-3, FAA-H-8083-25; POH/AFM
PA.VII.B.K1Aerodynamics associated with stalls in various airplane configurations, including the relationship between angle of attack, airspeed, load factor, power setting, airplane weight and center of gravity, airplane attitude, and yaw effects.PA.VII.B.K2Stall characteristics as they relate to airplane design, and recognition impending stall and full stall indications using sight, sound, or feel.PA.VII.B.K3Factors and situations that can lead to a power-off stall and actions that can be taken to prevent it.PA.VII.B.K4Fundamentals of stall recovery.
PA.VII.B.R1Factors and situations that could lead to an inadvertent power-off stall, spin, and loss of control.PA.VII.B.R2Range and limitations of stall warning indicators (e.g., aircraft buffet, stall horn, etc.).PA.VII.B.R3Stall warning(s) during normal operations.PA.VII.B.R4Stall recovery procedure.PA.VII.B.R5Secondary stalls, accelerated stalls, and cross-control stalls.PA.VII.B.R6Effect of environmental elements on airplane performance related to power-off stalls (e.g., turbulence, microbursts, and high-density altitude).PA.VII.B.R7Collision hazards.PA.VII.B.R8Distractions, task prioritization, loss of situational awareness, or disorientation.
PA.VII.B.S1Clear the area.PA.VII.B.S2Select an entry altitude that allows the Task to be completed no lower than 1,500 feet above ground level (AGL) (ASEL, ASES) or 3,000 feet AGL (AMEL, AMES).PA.VII.B.S3Configure the airplane in the approach or landing configuration, as specified by the evaluator, and maintain coordinated flight throughout the maneuver.PA.VII.B.S4Establish a stabilized descent.PA.VII.B.S5Transition smoothly from the approach or landing attitude to a pitch attitude that induces a stall.PA.VII.B.S6Maintain a specified heading ±10° if in straight flight; maintain a specified angle of bank not to exceed 20°, ±10° if in turning flight, while inducing the stall.PA.VII.B.S7Acknowledge cues of the impending stall and then recover promptly after a full stall occurs.PA.VII.B.S8Execute a stall recovery in accordance with procedures set forth in the Pilot's Operating Handbook (POH) or Airplane Flight Manual (AFM).PA.VII.B.S9Configure the airplane as recommended by the manufacturer, and accelerate to best angle of climb speed (VX) or best rate of climb speed (VY).PA.VII.B.S10Return to the altitude, heading, and airspeed specified by the evaluator.PA.VII.B.S11Use single-pilot resource management (SRM) or crew resource management (CRM), as appropriate.
Note: See Appendix 2: Safety of Flight and Appendix 3: Aircraft, Equipment, and Operational Requirements & Limitations for information related to this Task.
Task C. Power-On Stalls
To determine the applicant exhibits satisfactory knowledge, risk management, and skills associated with power-on stalls.
References: AC 61-67; FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-3, FAA-H-8083-25; POH/AFM
PA.VII.C.K1Aerodynamics associated with stalls in various airplane configurations, including the relationship between angle of attack, airspeed, load factor, power setting, airplane weight and center of gravity, airplane attitude, and yaw effects.PA.VII.C.K2Stall characteristics as they relate to airplane design, and recognition impending stall and full stall indications using sight, sound, or feel.PA.VII.C.K3Factors and situations that can lead to a power-on stall and actions that can be taken to prevent it.PA.VII.C.K4Fundamentals of stall recovery.
PA.VII.C.R1Factors and situations that could lead to an inadvertent power-on stall, spin, and loss of control.PA.VII.C.R2Range and limitations of stall warning indicators (e.g., aircraft buffet, stall horn, etc.).PA.VII.C.R3Stall warning(s) during normal operations.PA.VII.C.R4Stall recovery procedure.PA.VII.C.R5Secondary stalls, accelerated stalls, elevator trim stalls, and cross-control stalls.PA.VII.C.R6Effect of environmental elements on airplane performance related to power-on stalls (e.g., turbulence, microbursts, and high-density altitude).PA.VII.C.R7Collision hazards.PA.VII.C.R8Distractions, task prioritization, loss of situational awareness, or disorientation.
PA.VII.C.S1Clear the area.PA.VII.C.S2Select an entry altitude that allows the Task to be completed no lower than 1,500 feet above ground level (AGL) (ASEL, ASES) or 3,000 feet AGL (AMEL, AMES).PA.VII.C.S3Establish the takeoff, departure, or cruise configuration, as specified by the evaluator, and maintain coordinated flight throughout the maneuver.PA.VII.C.S4Set power (as assigned by the evaluator) to no less than 65 percent power.PA.VII.C.S5Transition smoothly from the takeoff or departure attitude to the pitch attitude that induces a stall.PA.VII.C.S6Maintain a specified heading, ±10° if in straight flight; maintain a specified angle of bank not to exceed 20°, ±10° if in turning flight, while inducing the stall.PA.VII.C.S7Acknowledge cues of the impending stall and then recover promptly after a full stall occurs.PA.VII.C.S8Execute a stall recovery in accordance with procedures set forth in the Pilot's Operating Handbook (POH)/Flight Manual (FM).PA.VII.C.S9Configure the airplane as recommended by the manufacturer, and accelerate to best angle of climb speed (VX) or best rate of climb speed (VY).PA.VII.C.S10Return to the altitude, heading, and airspeed specified by the evaluator.PA.VII.C.S11Use single-pilot resource management (SRM) or crew resource management (CRM), as appropriate.
Note: See Appendix 2: Safety of Flight and Appendix 3: Aircraft, Equipment, and Operational Requirements & Limitations for information related to this Task.
Task D. Spin Awareness
To determine the applicant exhibits satisfactory knowledge of the causes and procedures for recovery from unintentional spins and understands the risk associated with unintentional spins.
References: AC 61-67; FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-3, FAA-H-8083-25; POH/AFM
PA.VII.D.K1Aerodynamics associated with spins in various airplane configurations, including the relationship between angle of attack, airspeed, load factor, power setting, airplane weight and center of gravity, airplane attitude, and yaw effects.PA.VII.D.K2What causes a spin and how to identify the entry, incipient, and developed phases of a spin.PA.VII.D.K3Spin recovery procedure.
PA.VII.D.R1Factors and situations that could lead to inadvertent spin and loss of control.PA.VII.D.R2Range and limitations of stall warning indicators (e.g., aircraft buffet, stall horn, etc.).PA.VII.D.R3Spin recovery procedure.PA.VII.D.R4Effect of environmental elements on airplane performance related to spins (e.g., turbulence, microbursts, and high-density altitude).PA.VII.D.R5Collision hazards.PA.VII.D.R6Distractions, task prioritization, loss of situational awareness, or disorientation.
›Area of Operation VIII. Basic Instrument Maneuvers6 tasks
Task A. Straight-and-Level Flight
To determine the applicant exhibits satisfactory knowledge, risk management, and skills associated with flying during straight-and-level flight solely by reference to instruments.
References: FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-3, FAA-H-8083-15, FAA-H-8083-25
PA.VIII.A.R1Instrument flying hazards, including failure to maintain visual flight rules (VFR), spatial disorientation, loss of control, fatigue, stress, and emergency off airport landings.PA.VIII.A.R2When to seek assistance or declare an emergency in a deteriorating situation.PA.VIII.A.R3Collision hazards.PA.VIII.A.R4Distractions, task prioritization, loss of situational awareness, or disorientation.PA.VIII.A.R5Fixation and omission.PA.VIII.A.R6Instrument Interpretation.PA.VIII.A.R7Control application solely by reference to instruments.PA.VIII.A.R8Trimming the aircraft.
Task B. Constant Airspeed Climbs
To determine the applicant exhibits satisfactory knowledge, risk management, and skills associated with attitude instrument flying during constant airspeed climbs solely by reference to instruments.
References: FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-3, FAA-H-8083-15, FAA-H-8083-25
PA.VIII.B.R1Instrument flying hazards, including failure to maintain visual flight rules (VFR), spatial disorientation, loss of control, fatigue, stress, and emergency off airport landings.PA.VIII.B.R2When to seek assistance or declare an emergency in a deteriorating situation.PA.VIII.B.R3Collision hazards.PA.VIII.B.R4Distractions, task prioritization, loss of situational awareness, or disorientation.PA.VIII.B.R5Fixation and omission.PA.VIII.B.R6Instrument Interpretation.PA.VIII.B.R7Control application solely by reference to instruments.PA.VIII.B.R8Trimming the aircraft.
PA.VIII.B.S1Transition to the climb pitch attitude and power setting on an assigned heading using proper instrument cross-check and interpretation, and coordinated flight control application.PA.VIII.B.S2Climb at a constant airspeed to specific altitudes in straight flight and turns.PA.VIII.B.S3Level off at the assigned altitude and maintain altitude ±200 feet, heading ±20°, and airspeed ±10 knots.
Task C. Constant Airspeed Descents
To determine the applicant exhibits satisfactory knowledge, risk management, and skills associated with attitude instrument flying during constant airspeed descents solely by reference to instruments.
References: FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-3, FAA-H-8083-15, FAA-H-8083-25
PA.VIII.C.R1Instrument flying hazards, including failure to maintain visual flight rules (VFR), spatial disorientation, loss of control, fatigue, stress, and emergency off airport landings.PA.VIII.C.R2When to seek assistance or declare an emergency in a deteriorating situation.PA.VIII.C.R3Collision hazards.PA.VIII.C.R4Distractions, task prioritization, loss of situational awareness, or disorientation.PA.VIII.C.R5Fixation and omission.PA.VIII.C.R6Instrument Interpretation.PA.VIII.C.R7Control application solely by reference to instruments.PA.VIII.C.R8Trimming the aircraft.
PA.VIII.C.S1Transition to the descent pitch attitude and power setting on an assigned heading using proper instrument cross-check and interpretation, and coordinated flight control application.PA.VIII.C.S2Descend at a constant airspeed to specific altitudes in straight flight and turns.PA.VIII.C.S3Level off at the assigned altitude and maintain altitude ±200 feet, heading ±20°, and airspeed ±10 knots.
Task D. Turns to Headings
To determine the applicant exhibits satisfactory knowledge, risk management, and skills associated with attitude instrument flying during turns to headings solely by reference to instruments.
References: FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-3, FAA-H-8083-15, FAA-H-8083-25
PA.VIII.D.R1Instrument flying hazards, including failure to maintain visual flight rules (VFR), spatial disorientation, loss of control, fatigue, stress, and emergency off airport landings.PA.VIII.D.R2When to seek assistance or declare an emergency in a deteriorating situation.PA.VIII.D.R3Collision hazards.PA.VIII.D.R4Distractions, task prioritization, loss of situational awareness, or disorientation.PA.VIII.D.R5Fixation and omission.PA.VIII.D.R6Instrument Interpretation.PA.VIII.D.R7Control application solely by reference to instruments.PA.VIII.D.R8Trimming the aircraft.
Task E. Recovery from Unusual Flight Attitudes
To determine the applicant exhibits satisfactory knowledge, risk management, and skills associated with attitude instrument flying while recovering from unusual attitudes solely by reference to instruments.
References: FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-3, FAA-H-8083-15, FAA-H-8083-25; POH/Flight Manual
PA.VIII.E.K1Prevention of unusual attitudes, including flight causal, physiological, and environmental factors, and system and equipment failures.PA.VIII.E.K1a[Archived]PA.VIII.E.K1b[Archived]PA.VIII.E.K1c[Archived]PA.VIII.E.K1d[Archived]PA.VIII.E.K2Procedures for recovery from unusual attitudes in flight.PA.VIII.E.K3Procedures available to safely regain visual meteorological conditions (VMC) after flight into inadvertent instrument meteorological conditions or unintended instrument meteorological conditions (IIMC)/(UIMC).PA.VIII.E.K4Appropriate use of automation, if applicable.
PA.VIII.E.R1Situations that could lead to loss of control in-flight (LOC-I) or unusual attitudes in-flight (e.g., stress, task saturation, inadequate instrument scan distractions, and spatial disorientation).PA.VIII.E.R2[Archived]PA.VIII.E.R3Collision hazards.PA.VIII.E.R4Distractions, task prioritization, loss of situational awareness, or disorientation.PA.VIII.E.R5Interpreting flight instruments.PA.VIII.E.R6[Archived]PA.VIII.E.R7Operating envelope considerations.PA.VIII.E.R8Control input errors, inducing undesired aircraft attitudes.PA.VIII.E.R9Assessment of the unusual attitude.PA.VIII.E.R10Control application solely by reference to instruments.
PA.VIII.E.S1Use proper instrument cross-check and interpretation to identify an unusual attitude (including both nose-high and nose-low) in flight, and apply the appropriate flight control, power input, and aircraft configuration in the correct sequence, to return to a stabilized level flight attitude.PA.VIII.E.S2Use single-pilot resource management (SRM) or crew resource management (CRM), as appropriate.
Task F. Radio Communications, Navigation Systems/Facilities, and Radar Services
To determine the applicant exhibits satisfactory knowledge, risk management, and skills associated with radio communications, navigation systems/facilities, and radar services available for use during flight solely by reference to instruments.
References: FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-3, FAA-H-8083-15, FAA-H-8083-25
PA.VIII.F.K1Operating communications equipment, including identifying and selecting radio frequencies, requesting and following air traffic control (ATC) instructions.PA.VIII.F.K2Operating navigation equipment, including functions and displays, and following bearings, radials, or courses.PA.VIII.F.K3Air traffic control facilities and services.
›Area of Operation IX. Emergency Operations7 tasks
Task A. Emergency Descent
To determine the applicant exhibits satisfactory knowledge, risk management, and skills associated with emergency descent.
References: FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-3, FAA-H-8083-25; POH/AFM
PA.IX.A.S1Clear the area.PA.IX.A.S2Establish and maintain the appropriate airspeed and configuration appropriate to the scenario specified by the evaluator and as covered in Pilot's Operating Handbook (POH)/Airplane Flight Manual (AFM) for the emergency descent.PA.IX.A.S3Maintain orientation, divide attention appropriately, and plan and execute a smooth recovery.PA.IX.A.S4Use bank angle between 30° and 45° to maintain positive load factors during the descent.PA.IX.A.S5Maintain appropriate airspeed +0/-10 knots, and level off at a specified altitude ±100 feet.PA.IX.A.S6Complete the appropriate checklist(s).PA.IX.A.S7Make radio calls as appropriate.PA.IX.A.S8Use single-pilot resource management (SRM) or crew resource management (CRM), as appropriate.
Note: See Appendix 2: Safety of Flight.
Task B. Emergency Approach and Landing (Simulated) (ASEL, ASES)
To determine the applicant exhibits satisfactory knowledge, risk management, and skills associated with emergency approach and landing procedures.
References: FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-3, FAA-H-8083-25; POH/AFM
PA.IX.B.K1Immediate action items and emergency procedures.PA.IX.B.K2Airspeed, including:PA.IX.B.K2aImportance of best glide speed and its relationship to distancePA.IX.B.K2bDifference between best glide speed and minimum sink speedPA.IX.B.K2cEffects of wind on glide distancePA.IX.B.K3Effects of atmospheric conditions on emergency approach and landing.PA.IX.B.K4A stabilized approach, including energy management concepts.PA.IX.B.K5Emergency Locator Transmitters (ELTs) and other emergency locating devices.PA.IX.B.K6Air traffic control (ATC) services to aircraft in distress.
PA.IX.B.R1Altitude, wind, terrain, obstructions, gliding distance, and available landing distance considerations.PA.IX.B.R2Following or changing the planned flightpath to the selected landing area.PA.IX.B.R3Collision hazards.PA.IX.B.R4Configuring the airplane.PA.IX.B.R5Low altitude maneuvering, including stall, spin, or controlled flight into terrain (CFIT).PA.IX.B.R6Distractions, task prioritization, loss of situational awareness, or disorientation.
PA.IX.B.S1Establish and maintain the recommended best glide airspeed, ±10 knots.PA.IX.B.S2Configure the airplane in accordance with the Pilot's Operating Handbook (POH)\Airplane Flight Manual (AFM) and existing conditions.PA.IX.B.S3Select a suitable landing area considering altitude, wind, terrain, obstructions, and available glide distance.PA.IX.B.S4Plan and follow a flightpath to the selected landing area considering altitude, wind, terrain, and obstructions.PA.IX.B.S5Prepare for landing as specified by the evaluator.PA.IX.B.S6Complete the appropriate checklist(s).
Note: See Appendix 2: Safety of Flight.
Task C. Systems and Equipment Malfunctions
To determine the applicant exhibits satisfactory knowledge, risk management, and skills associated with system and equipment malfunctions appropriate to the airplane provided for the practical test.
References: FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-3, FAA-H-8083-25; POH/AFM
PA.IX.C.K1Causes of partial or complete power loss related to the specific type of powerplant(s).PA.IX.C.K1a[Archived]PA.IX.C.K1b[Archived]PA.IX.C.K1c[Archived]PA.IX.C.K1d[Archived]PA.IX.C.K2System and equipment malfunctions specific to the aircraft, including:PA.IX.C.K2aElectrical malfunctionPA.IX.C.K2bVacuum/pressure and associated flight instrument malfunctionsPA.IX.C.K2cPitot-static system malfunctionPA.IX.C.K2dElectronic flight deck display malfunctionPA.IX.C.K2eLanding gear or flap malfunctionPA.IX.C.K2fInoperative trimPA.IX.C.K3Causes and remedies for smoke or fire onboard the aircraft.PA.IX.C.K4Any other system specific to the aircraft (e.g., supplemental oxygen, deicing).PA.IX.C.K5Inadvertent door or window opening.
Task D. Emergency Equipment and Survival Gear
To determine the applicant exhibits satisfactory knowledge, risk management, and skills associated with emergency equipment, and survival gear appropriate to the airplane and environment encountered during flight.
References: FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-3, FAA-H-8083-25; POH/AFM
PA.IX.D.K1Emergency Locator Transmitter (ELT) operations, limitations, and testing requirements.PA.IX.D.K2Fire extinguisher operations and limitations.PA.IX.D.K3Emergency equipment and survival gear needed for:PA.IX.D.K3aClimate extremes (hot/cold)PA.IX.D.K3bMountainous terrainPA.IX.D.K3cOverwater operationsPA.IX.D.K4When to deploy a ballistic parachute and associated passenger briefings, if equipped.PA.IX.D.K5When to activate an emergency auto-land system and brief passengers, if equipped.
Note: See Appendix 3: Aircraft, Equipment, and Operational Requirements & Limitations for information related to this Task.
Task E. Engine Failure During Takeoff Before VMC (Simulated) (AMEL, AMES)
To determine the applicant exhibits satisfactory knowledge, risk management, and skills associated with engine failure during takeoff before minimum controllable airspeed (VMC).
References: FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-3, FAA-H-8083-25; FAA-P-8740-66; POH/AFM
Note: See Appendix 2: Safety of Flight and Appendix 3: Aircraft, Equipment, and Operational Requirements & Limitations for information related to this Task.
Task F. Engine Failure After Liftoff (Simulated) (AMEL, AMES)
To determine the applicant exhibits satisfactory knowledge, risk management, and skills associated with engine failure after liftoff.
References: FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-3, FAA-H-8083-25; FAA-P-8740-66; POH/AFM
PA.IX.F.K1Factors affecting minimum controllable speed (VMC).PA.IX.F.K2VMC (red line), VYSE (blue line), and safe single-engine speed (VSSE).PA.IX.F.K3Accelerate/stop and accelerate/go distances.PA.IX.F.K4How to identify, verify, feather, and secure an inoperative engine.PA.IX.F.K5Importance of drag reduction, including propeller feathering, gear and flap retraction, the manufacturer’s recommended control input and its relation to zero sideslip.PA.IX.F.K6Simulated propeller feathering and the evaluator’s zero-thrust procedures and responsibilities.
PA.IX.F.R1Potential engine failure after lift-off.PA.IX.F.R2Collision hazards.PA.IX.F.R3Configuring the airplane.PA.IX.F.R4Low altitude maneuvering, including stall, spin, or controlled flight into terrain (CFIT).PA.IX.F.R5Distractions, task prioritization, loss of situational awareness, or disorientation.
PA.IX.F.S1Promptly recognize an engine failure, maintain control, and use appropriate emergency procedures.PA.IX.F.S2Establish VYSE; if obstructions are present, establish best single-engine angle of climb speed (VXSE) or VMC +5 knots, whichever is greater, until obstructions are cleared. Then transition to VYSE.PA.IX.F.S3Reduce drag by retracting landing gear and flaps in accordance with the manufacturer’s guidance.PA.IX.F.S4Simulate feathering the propeller on the inoperative engine (evaluator should then establish zero thrust on the inoperative engine).PA.IX.F.S5Use flight controls in the proper combination as recommended by the manufacturer, or as required to maintain best performance, and trim as required.PA.IX.F.S6Monitor the operating engine and aircraft systems and make adjustments as necessary.PA.IX.F.S7Recognize the airplane’s performance capabilities. If a climb is not possible at VYSE, maintain VYSE and return to the departure airport for landing, or initiate an approach to the most suitable landing area available.PA.IX.F.S8Simulate securing the inoperative engine.PA.IX.F.S9Maintain heading ±10° and airspeed ±5 knots.PA.IX.F.S10Complete the appropriate checklist(s).
Note: See Appendix 2: Safety of Flight and Appendix 3: Aircraft, Equipment, and Operational Requirements & Limitations for information related to this Task.
Task G. Approach and Landing with an Inoperative Engine (Simulated)(AMEL, AMES)
To determine the applicant exhibits satisfactory knowledge, risk management, and skills associated with approach and landing with an engine inoperative, including engine failure on final approach.
References: FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-3, FAA-H-8083-25; FAA-P-8740-66; POH/AFM
PA.IX.G.K1Factors affecting minimum controllable speed (VMC).PA.IX.G.K2VMC (red line) and best single-engine rate of climb airspeed (VYSE) (blue line).PA.IX.G.K3How to identify, verify, feather, and secure an inoperative engine.PA.IX.G.K4Importance of drag reduction, including propeller feathering, gear and flap retraction, the manufacturer’s recommended control input and its relation to zero sideslip.PA.IX.G.K5Applicant responsibilities during simulated feathering.
PA.IX.G.R1Potential engine failure inflight or during an approach.PA.IX.G.R2Collision hazards.PA.IX.G.R3Configuring the airplane.PA.IX.G.R4Low altitude maneuvering, including stall, spin, or controlled flight into terrain (CFIT).PA.IX.G.R5Distractions, task prioritization, loss of situational awareness, or disorientation.PA.IX.G.R6Possible single-engine go-around.
PA.IX.G.S1Promptly recognize an engine failure and maintain positive aircraft control.PA.IX.G.S2Set the engine controls, reduce drag, identify and verify the inoperative engine, and simulate feathering of the propeller on the inoperative engine (evaluator should then establish zero thrust on the inoperative engine).PA.IX.G.S3Use flight controls in the proper combination as recommended by the manufacturer, or as required to maintain best performance, and trim as required.PA.IX.G.S4Follow the manufacturer’s recommended emergency procedures and complete the appropriate checklist.PA.IX.G.S5Monitor the operating engine and aircraft systems and make adjustments as necessary.PA.IX.G.S6Maintain the manufacturer’s recommended approach airspeed +10/-5 knots, in the landing configuration with a stabilized approach, until landing is assured.PA.IX.G.S7Make smooth, timely, and correct control application before, during, and after touchdown.PA.IX.G.S8Touch down on the first one-third of available runway/landing surface, with no drift, and the airplane’s longitudinal axis aligned with and over the runway center or landing path.PA.IX.G.S9Maintain directional control and appropriate crosswind correction throughout the approach and landing.PA.IX.G.S10Complete the appropriate checklist(s).
Note: See Appendix 2: Safety of Flight and Appendix 3: Aircraft, Equipment, and Operational Requirements & Limitations for information related to this Task.
›Area of Operation X. Multiengine Operations4 tasks
Task A. Maneuvering with One Engine Inoperative (AMEL, AMES)
To determine the applicant exhibits satisfactory knowledge, risk management, and skills associated with maneuvering with one engine inoperative.
References: FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-3, FAA-H-8083-25; FAA-P-8740-66; POH/AFM
PA.X.A.K1Factors affecting minimum controllable speed (VMC).PA.X.A.K2VMC (red line) and best single-engine rate of climb airspeed (VYSE) (blue line).PA.X.A.K3How to identify, verify, feather, and secure an inoperative engine.PA.X.A.K4Importance of drag reduction, including propeller feathering, gear and flap retraction, the manufacturer's recommended control input and its relation to zero sideslip.PA.X.A.K5Feathering, securing, unfeathering, and restarting.
PA.X.A.R1Potential engine failure during flight.PA.X.A.R2Collision hazards.PA.X.A.R3Configuring the airplane.PA.X.A.R4Low altitude maneuvering, including stall, spin, or controlled flight into terrain (CFIT).PA.X.A.R5Distractions, task prioritization, loss of situational awareness, or disorientation.
PA.X.A.S1Recognize an engine failure, maintain control, use manufacturer’s memory item procedures, and use appropriate emergency procedures.PA.X.A.S2Set the engine controls, identify and verify the inoperative engine, and feather the appropriate propeller.PA.X.A.S3Use flight controls in the proper combination as recommended by the manufacturer, or as required to maintain best performance, and trim as required.PA.X.A.S4Attempt to determine and resolve the reason for the engine failure.PA.X.A.S5Secure the inoperative engine and monitor the operating engine and make necessary adjustments.PA.X.A.S6Restart the inoperative engine using manufacturer’s restart procedures.PA.X.A.S7Maintain altitude ±100 feet or minimum sink rate if applicable, airspeed ±10 knots, and selected headings ±10°.PA.X.A.S8Complete the appropriate checklist(s).
Note: See Appendix 2: Safety of Flight and Appendix 3: Aircraft, Equipment, and Operational Requirements & Limitations for information related to this Task.
Task B. VMC Demonstration (AMEL, AMES)
To determine the applicant exhibits satisfactory knowledge, risk management, and skills associated with VMC demonstration.
References: FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-3, FAA-H-8083-25; FAA-P-8740-66; POH/AFM
PA.X.B.S1Configure the airplane in accordance with the manufacturer’s recommendations, in the absence of the manufacturer’s recommendations, then at safe single-engine speed (VSSE/VYSE), as appropriate, and:PA.X.B.S1aLanding gear retractedPA.X.B.S1bFlaps set for takeoffPA.X.B.S1cCowl flaps set for takeoffPA.X.B.S1dTrim set for takeoffPA.X.B.S1ePropellers set for high revolutions per minute (rpm)PA.X.B.S1fPower on critical engine reduced to idle and propeller windmillingPA.X.B.S1gPower on operating engine set to takeoff or maximum available powerPA.X.B.S2Establish a single-engine climb attitude with the airspeed at approximately 10 knots above VSSE.PA.X.B.S3Establish a bank angle not to exceed 5° toward the operating engine, as required for best performance and controllability.PA.X.B.S4Increase the pitch attitude slowly to reduce the airspeed at approximately 1 knot per second while applying increased rudder pressure as needed to maintain directional control.PA.X.B.S5Recognize and recover at the first indication of loss of directional control, stall warning, or buffet.PA.X.B.S6Recover promptly by simultaneously reducing power sufficiently on the operating engine, decreasing the angle of attack as necessary to regain airspeed and directional control, and without adding power on the simulated failed engine.PA.X.B.S7Recover within 20° of entry heading.PA.X.B.S8Advance power smoothly on the operating engine and accelerate to VSSE/VYSE, as appropriate, +10/-5 knots during recovery.
Note: See Appendix 2: Safety of Flight and Appendix 3: Aircraft, Equipment, and Operational Requirements & Limitations for information related to this Task.
Task C. One Engine Inoperative (Simulated) (solely by Reference to Instruments) During Straight-and- Level Flight and Turns (AMEL, AMES)
To determine the applicant exhibits satisfactory knowledge, risk management, and skills associated with flight solely by reference to instruments with one engine inoperative.
References: FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-3, FAA-H-8083-15, FAA-H-8083-25; FAA-P-8740-66; POH/AFM
PA.X.C.R1Identification of the inoperative engine.PA.X.C.R2Inability to climb or maintain altitude with an inoperative engine.PA.X.C.R3Low altitude maneuvering, including stall, spin, or controlled flight into terrain (CFIT).PA.X.C.R4Distractions, task prioritization, loss of situational awareness, or disorientation.PA.X.C.R5Fuel management during single-engine operation.
PA.X.C.S1Promptly recognize an engine failure and maintain positive aircraft control.PA.X.C.S2Set the engine controls, reduce drag, identify and verify the inoperative engine, and simulate feathering of the propeller on the inoperative engine (evaluator should then establish zero thrust on the inoperative engine).PA.X.C.S3Establish the best engine-inoperative airspeed and trim the airplane.PA.X.C.S4Use flight controls in the proper combination as recommended by the manufacturer, or as required to maintain best performance, and trim as required.PA.X.C.S5Verify the prescribed checklist procedures used for securing the inoperative engine.PA.X.C.S6Attempt to determine and resolve the reason for the engine failure.PA.X.C.S7Monitor engine functions and make necessary adjustments.PA.X.C.S8Maintain the specified altitude ±100 feet or minimum sink rate if applicable, airspeed ±10 knots, and the specified heading ±10°.PA.X.C.S9Assess the aircraft’s performance capability and decide an appropriate action to ensure a safe landing.PA.X.C.S10Avoid loss of airplane control or attempted flight contrary to the engine-inoperative operating limitations of the airplane.PA.X.C.S11Use single-pilot resource management (SRM) or crew resource management (CRM), as appropriate.
Note: See Appendix 2: Safety of Flight and Appendix 3: Aircraft, Equipment, and Operational Requirements & Limitations for information related to this Task.
Task D. Instrument Approach and Landing with an Inoperative Engine (Simulated) (AMEL, AMES)
To determine the applicant exhibits satisfactory knowledge, risk management, and skills associated with executing a published instrument approach solely by reference to instruments with one engine inoperative.
References: FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-3, FAA-H-8083-15, FAA-H-8083-25; FAA-P-8740-66; POH/AFM
PA.X.D.R1Potential engine failure during approach and landing.PA.X.D.R2Collision hazards.PA.X.D.R3Configuring the airplane.PA.X.D.R4Low altitude maneuvering, including stall, spin, or controlled flight into terrain (CFIT).PA.X.D.R5Distractions, task prioritization, loss of situational awareness, or disorientation.PA.X.D.R6Performing a go-around/rejected landing with an engine failure.
PA.X.D.S1Promptly recognize an engine failure and maintain positive aircraft control.PA.X.D.S2Set the engine controls, reduce drag, identify and verify the inoperative engine, and simulate feathering of the propeller on the inoperative engine (evaluator should then establish zero thrust on the inoperative engine).PA.X.D.S3Use flight controls in the proper combination as recommended by the manufacturer, or as required to maintain best performance, and trim as required.PA.X.D.S4Follow the manufacturer’s recommended emergency procedures and complete the appropriate checklist.PA.X.D.S5Monitor the operating engine and aircraft systems and make adjustments as necessary.PA.X.D.S6Request and follow an actual or a simulated air traffic control (ATC) clearance for an instrument approach.PA.X.D.S7Maintain altitude ±100 feet or minimum sink rate if applicable, airspeed ±10 knots, and selected heading ±10°.PA.X.D.S8Establish a rate of descent that ensures arrival at the minimum descent altitude (MDA) or decision altitude (DA)/decision height (DH) with the airplane in a position from which a descent to a landing on the intended runway or landing path can be made, either straight in or circling as appropriate.PA.X.D.S9On final approach segment, maintain vertical (as applicable) and lateral guidance within ¾-scale deflection.PA.X.D.S10Avoid loss of airplane control or attempted flight contrary to the operating limitations of the airplane.PA.X.D.S11Comply with the published criteria for the aircraft approach category if circling.PA.X.D.S12Execute a landing.PA.X.D.S13Complete the appropriate checklist(s).
Note: See Appendix 2: Safety of Flight and Appendix 3: Aircraft, Equipment, and Operational Requirements & Limitations for information related to this Task. For non-amphibious seaplanes, this task applies only when the applicant has immediate access to an instrument approach to a waterway.
›Area of Operation XI. Night Operations1 tasks
Task A. Night Operations
To determine the applicant exhibits satisfactory knowledge and risk management associated with night operations.
References: AIM; FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-3, FAA-H-8083-25; POH/AFM
PA.XI.A.K1Physiological aspects of vision related to night flying.PA.XI.A.K2Lighting systems identifying airports, runways, taxiways and obstructions, as well as pilot controlled lighting.PA.XI.A.K3Airplane equipment and lighting requirements for night operations.PA.XI.A.K4Personal equipment essential for night flight.PA.XI.A.K5Night orientation, navigation, chart reading techniques and methods for maintaining night vision effectiveness.PA.XI.A.K6Night taxi operations.PA.XI.A.K7Interpretation of traffic position and direction based solely on position lights.PA.XI.A.K8Visual illusions at night.
PA.XI.A.R1Collision hazards.PA.XI.A.R2Distractions, task prioritization, loss of situational awareness, or disorientation.PA.XI.A.R3Effect of visual illusions and night adaptation during all phases of night flying.PA.XI.A.R4Runway incursion.PA.XI.A.R5Night currency versus proficiency.PA.XI.A.R6Weather considerations specific to night operations.PA.XI.A.R7Inoperative equipment.
Note: For applicants that reside in Alaska, refer to 14 CFR part 61, section 61.110.
›Area of Operation XII. Postflight Procedures2 tasks
Task A. After Landing, Parking, and Securing (ASEL, AMEL)
To determine the applicant exhibits satisfactory knowledge, risk management, and skills associated with after landing, parking, and securing procedures.
References: FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-3, FAA-H-8083-25; POH/AFM
PA.XII.A.S1[Archived]PA.XII.A.S2Park in an appropriate area, considering the safety of nearby persons and property.PA.XII.A.S3Complete the appropriate checklist(s).PA.XII.A.S4Conduct a postflight inspection and document discrepancies and servicing requirements, if any.PA.XII.A.S5Secure the airplane.
Task B. Seaplane Post-Landing Procedures (ASES, AMES)
To determine the applicant exhibits satisfactory knowledge, risk management, and skills associated with anchoring, docking, mooring, and ramping/beaching.
References: FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-3, FAA-H-8083-23, FAA-H-8083-25; POH/AFM
PA.XII.B.S1If anchoring, select a suitable area considering seaplane movement, water depth, tide, wind, and weather changes. Use an adequate number of anchors and lines of sufficient strength and length to ensure the seaplane’s security.PA.XII.B.S2If not anchoring, approach the dock/mooring buoy or beach/ramp in the proper direction and at a safe speed, considering water depth, tide, current, and wind.PA.XII.B.S3Complete the appropriate checklist(s).PA.XII.B.S4Conduct a postflight inspection and document discrepancies and servicing requirements, if any.PA.XII.B.S5Secure the seaplane considering the effect of wind, waves, and changes in water level, or comply with applicable after landing, parking, and securing procedures if operating an amphibious airplane on land.
Note: The evaluator must select at least one after-landing procedure (anchoring, docking and mooring, or ramping/beaching). An applicant seeking to add an additional category or class to an existing certificate must comply with 14 CFR section 61.63, as applicable. Private Pilot Airplane Knowledge Test Table For an initial Private Pilot Certificate, applicants must pass the knowledge test listed in the table below as a prerequisite for the practical test. Test Number of Allotted Passing Code Test Name Questions Age Time Score Use of the ACS During a Practical Test The practical test is conducted in accordance with the ACS and FAA regulations that are current as of the date of the test. The Areas of Operation in this ACS align with the Areas of Operation found in 14 CFR part 61, section 61.107(b). Each Area of Operation includes Tasks appropriate to that Area of Operation. Each Task contains an Objective stating what the applicant must know, consider, and/or do. The ACS then lists the aeronautical knowledge, risk management, and skill elements relevant to the specific Task, along with the conditions and standards for acceptable performance. The ACS uses s to emphasize special considerations. During the ground and flight portion of the practical test, the FAA expects evaluators to assess the applicant's mastery of the topic in accordance with the level of learning most appropriate for the specified Task. The oral questioning will continue throughout the entire practical test. For some topics, the evaluator will ask the applicant to describe or explain. For other items, the evaluator will assess the applicant's understanding by providing a scenario that requires the applicant to appropriately apply and/or correlate knowledge, experience, and information to the circumstances of the given scenario. The flight portion of the practical test requires the applicant to demonstrate knowledge, risk management, flight proficiency, and operational skill in accordance with the ACS. The elements within each Task in this ACS are coded according to a scheme that includes four components. For example, PA.I.C.K2: PA = Applicable ACS I = Area of Operation C = Task K2 = Task element (in this example, Knowledge 2) There is no requirement for an evaluator to test every knowledge and risk management element in a Task; rather the evaluator has discretion to sample as needed to ensure the applicant’s mastery of that Task. The required minimum elements to be tested from each applicable Task include: • any elements in which the applicant was shown to be deficient on the knowledge test, as applicable; • at least one knowledge element; • at least one risk management element; and • all skill elements unless otherwise noted. The Airman Knowledge Test Report (AKTR) lists ACS codes that correlate to a specific Task element for a given Area of Operation for any incorrect responses on the knowledge test. Appendix 1: Practical Test Roles, Responsibilities, and Outcomes Note: When administering a test, the Tasks appropriate to the class airplane (ASEL, ASES, AMEL, or AMES) used for the test must be included in the plan of action. Possible Outcomes of the Test A practical test has three possible outcomes: (1) Temporary Airman Certificate (satisfactory), (2) Notice of Disapproval of Application (unsatisfactory), or (3) Letter of Discontinuance. If the evaluator determines that a Task is incomplete, or the outcome is uncertain, the evaluator must require the applicant to repeat that Task, or portions of that Task. This provision does not mean that instruction, practice, or the repetition of an unsatisfactory Task is permitted during the practical test. Appendix 1: Practical Test Roles, Responsibilities, and Outcomes Satisfactory Performance Refer to 14 CFR part 61, section 61.43, for satisfactory performance requirements. Satisfactory performance will result in the issuance of a temporary certificate. Unsatisfactory Performance If, in the judgment of the evaluator, the applicant does not meet the standards for any Task, the applicant fails the Task and associated Area of Operation and the evaluator issues a Notice of Disapproval of Application. The evaluator lists the Area(s) of Operation in which the applicant did not meet the standard, any Area(s) of Operation not tested, and the number of practical test failures. The evaluator should also list the Tasks failed or Tasks not tested within any unsatisfactory or partially completed Area(s) of Operation. 14 CFR part 61, section 61.43(c)-(f) provides additional unsatisfactory performance requirements and parameters. Typical areas of unsatisfactory performance and grounds for disqualification include: • Any action or lack of action by the applicant that requires corrective intervention by the evaluator to maintain safe flight. • Failure to use proper and effective visual scanning techniques to clear the area before and while performing maneuvers. • Consistently exceeding tolerances stated in the skill elements of the Task. • Failure to take prompt corrective action when tolerances are exceeded. • Failure to exercise risk management. The evaluator or the applicant may end the test if the applicant fails a Task. The evaluator may continue the test only with the consent of the applicant. The applicant receives credit only for those Areas of Operation and the associated Tasks performed satisfactorily. Letter of Discontinuance Refer to 14 CFR part 61, section 61.43(e)(2) for conditions to issue a letter of discontinuance. If discontinuing a practical test for reasons other than unsatisfactory performance (e.g., equipment failure, weather, illness), the evaluator must return all test paperwork to the applicant. The evaluator must prepare, sign, and issue a Letter of Discontinuance that lists those Areas of Operation the applicant successfully completed and the time period remaining to complete the test to receive credit for previously completed Areas of Operation. The evaluator should advise the applicant to present the Letter of Discontinuance to the evaluator when the practical test resumes in order to receive credit for the items successfully completed. The Letter of Discontinuance becomes part of the applicant's certification file. Time Limit and Credit after a Discontinued Practical Test Refer to 14 CFR part 61, sections 61.39(f) and 61.43(f) after issuance of a Letter of Discontinuance or Notice of Disapproval of Application. Additional Rating Task Table For an applicant who holds at least a Private Pilot Certificate and seeks an additional airplane category and/or class rating at the private pilot level, the evaluator must evaluate that applicant in the Areas of Operation and Tasks listed in the Additional Rating Task Table. The evaluator may evaluate the applicant’s competence in the remaining Areas of Operation and Tasks. If the applicant holds two or more category or class ratings at the private level, and the ratings table indicates different Task requirements, the “least restrictive” entry applies. For example, if “All” and “None” are indicated for one Area of Operation, the “None” entry applies. If the table indicates “B” and “B, C” the “B” entry applies. Appendix 1: Practical Test Roles, Responsibilities, and Outcomes Addition of an Airplane Single-Engine Land Rating to an Existing Private Pilot Certificate The table below indicates the required Tasks for each Area of Operation tested in accordance with this ACS. Legend ASES Airplane – Single-Engine Sea AMEL Airplane – Multiengine Land AMES Airplane – Multiengine Sea RH Rotorcraft – Helicopter RG Rotorcraft – Gyroplane PL Powered-Lift Private Pilot Rating(s) Held Area of ASES AMEL AMES RH RG Glider Balloon Airship PL Operation I F,G F,G F,G F,G F,G D,F,G D,F,G F,G F,G A,B,C,D, A,B,C,D, A,B,C,D, A,B,C,D, A,B,C,D, A,B,C,D, II A,B,D,F A,B,F A,B,D,F F F F F F F III B None B B B B B B B A,B,C, A,B,C, A,B,C,D, A,B,C,D, A,B,C,D, A,B,C,D, A,B,C,D, A,B,C,D, A,B,C,D, IV D,E,F D,E,F,M E,F,M E,F,M,N E,F,M,N E,F,M,N E,F,M,N E,F,M,N E,F,M,N V None None None All A All All All All VI None None None None None A,B,C,D A,B,C,D None None VII None None None All All All All All All VIII None None None All All All All All All IX A,B,C A,B,C A,B,C A,B,C,D A,B,C,D A,B,C,D A,B,C,D A,B,C,D A,B,C,D X None None None None None None None None None XI None None None None None A A A A XII A None A A A A A A A Appendix 1: Practical Test Roles, Responsibilities, and Outcomes Addition of an Airplane Single-Engine Sea Rating to an Existing Private Pilot Certificate The table below indicates the required Tasks for each Area of Operation tested in accordance with this ACS. Legend ASEL Airplane – Single-Engine Land AMEL Airplane – Multiengine Land AMES Airplane – Multiengine Sea RH Rotorcraft – Helicopter RG Rotorcraft – Gyroplane PL Powered-Lift Private Pilot Rating(s) Held Area of ASEL AMEL AMES RH RG Glider Balloon Airship PL Operation I F,G,I F,G,I F,G F,G,I D,F,G,I D,F,G,I D,F,G,I D,F,G,I F,G,I II A,B,E,F A,B,E,F A,B,F A,B,C,E,F A,B,C,E,F A,B,C,E,F A,B,C,E,F A,B,C,E,F A,B,C,E,F III B B None B B B B B B A,B,G,H, A,B,G,H, A,B,G,H,I, A,B,G,H,I, A,B,G,H,I, A,B,G,H,I, A,B,G,H,I, A,B,G,H,I, IV A,B,M I,J,K,L I,J,K,L,M J,K,L,M,N J,K,L,M,N J,K,L,M,N J,K,L,M,N J,K,L,M,N J,K,L,M,N V None None None All A All All All A VI None None None None None All All None None VII None None None All All All All All All VIII None None None All All All All All All IX A,B A,B A,B A,B,C,D A,B,C,D A,B,C,D A,B,C,D A,B,C,D A,B,C,D X None None None None None None None None None XI None None None None None All All All None XII B B None B B B B B B Appendix 1: Practical Test Roles, Responsibilities, and Outcomes Addition of an Airplane Multiengine Land Rating to an Existing Private Pilot Certificate The table below indicates the required Tasks for each Area of Operation tested in accordance with this ACS. Legend ASEL Airplane – Single-Engine Land ASES Airplane – Single-Engine Sea AMES Airplane – Multiengine Sea RH Rotorcraft – Helicopter RG Rotorcraft – Gyroplane PL Powered-Lift Private Pilot Rating(s) Held Area of ASEL ASES AMES RH RG Glider Balloon Airship PL Operation I F,G F,G F,G F,G F,G D,F,G D,F,G F,G F,G II A,B,C,D,F A,B,C,D,F A,D A,B,C,D,F A,B,C,D,F A,B,C,D,F A,B,C,D,F A,B,C,D,F A,B,C,D,F III None B B B B B B B B IV A,B,E,F A,B,E,F A,B,E,F A,B,E,F,N A,B,E,F,N A,B,E,F,N A,B,E,F,N A,B,E,F,N A,B,E,F,N V A A None All A All All All A VI None None None None None All All None None VII All All None All All All All All All VIII None None None All All All All All All IX E,F,G E,F,G None A,C,E,F,G A,C,E,F,G A,C,E,F,G A,C,E,F,G A,C,E,F,G A,C,E,F,G X* All All None All All All All All All XI None None None None None All All All None XII None A A A A A A A A *Tasks C and D requirements do not apply to applicants who do not hold an instrument rating or who have previously demonstrated instrument proficiency in a multiengine airplane. Appendix 1: Practical Test Roles, Responsibilities, and Outcomes Addition of an Airplane Multiengine Sea Rating to an existing Private Pilot Certificate The table below indicates the required Tasks for each Area of Operation tested in accordance with this ACS. Legend ASEL Airplane – Single-Engine Land ASES Airplane – Single-Engine Sea AMEL Airplane – Multiengine Land RH Rotorcraft – Helicopter RG Rotorcraft – Gyroplane PL Powered-Lift Private Pilot Rating(s) Held Area of ASEL ASES AMEL RH RG Glider Balloon Airship PL Operation I F,G,I F,G F,G,I F,G,I F,G,I D,F,G,I D,F,G,I F,G,I F,G,I II A,B,E,F A,B,E,F A,B,E,F A,B,C,E,F A,B,C,E,F A,B,C,E,F A,B,C,E,F A,B,C,E,F A,B,C,E,F III None None None B B B B B B A,B,G,H, A,B,G,H, A,B,G,H, A,B,G,H, A,B,G,H, A,B,G,H, A,B,G,H, A,B,G,H, IV A,B I,J,K,L I,J,K,L I,J,K,L,N I,J,K,L,N I,J,K,L,N I,J,K,L,N I,J,K,L,N I,J,K,L,N V A A None All A All All All A VI None None None None None All All None None VII All All None All All All All All All VIII None None None All All All All All All IX E,F,G E,F,G None A,C,E,F,G A,C,E,F,G A,C,E,F,G A,C,E,F,G A,C,E,F,G A,C,E,F,G X* All All None All All All All All All XI None None None None None All All All None XII B None B B B B B B B *Tasks C and D requirements do not apply to applicants who do not hold an instrument rating or who have previously demonstrated instrument proficiency in a multiengine airplane. An applicant who holds a private airplane multiengine land rating without a center thrust limitation need not supply a seaplane with propeller feathering capability when testing to add a private airplane multiengine sea rating. Appendix 1: Practical Test Roles, Responsibilities, and Outcomes Removal of the “Airplane Multiengine VFR Only” Limitation The removal of the “Airplane Multiengine VFR Only” limitation, at the private pilot certificate level, requires an applicant to satisfactorily perform the following Area of Operation and Tasks from the Private Pilot for Airplane Category ACS in a multiengine airplane that has a manufacturer’s published minimum control speed (VMC). Task C: Engine Failure During Flight (by Reference to Instruments) (AMEL, AMES) Task D: Instrument Approach and Landing with an Inoperative Engine (Simulated) (by Reference to Instruments) (AMEL, AMES) Removal of the “Limited to Center Thrust” Limitation Applicants who complete the practical test for the AMEL rating in an aircraft that does not have a manufacturer’s published VMC receive a certificate with a “Limited to Center Thrust” limitation. When conducting a practical test for the purpose of removing the “Limited to Center Thrust” limitation, the evaluator must test the applicant on the multiengine Tasks identified in the table below in a multiengine airplane that has a manufacturer’s published VMC speed. This speed appears on the type certificate data sheet (TCDS) or in the Airplane Flight Manual (AFM). Removal of the limitation under 14 CFR parts 121, 135, or 142 occurs in accordance with an approved curriculum or training program. An applicant who holds an airplane instrument rating and has not demonstrated instrument proficiency in a multiengine airplane with a published VMC shall complete the additional Tasks listed under Removal of the “Airplane Multiengine VFR Only” Limitation section. Task E: Engine Failure During Takeoff Before VMC (Simulated) (AMEL, AMES) Task F: Engine Failure After Liftoff (Simulated) (AMEL, AMES) Task G: Approach and Landing with an Inoperative Engine (Simulated) (AMEL, AMES) Task A: Maneuvering with One Engine Inoperative (AMEL, AMES) Task B: VMC Demonstration (AMEL, AMES) Appendix 2: Safety of Flight Appendix 2: Safety of Flight General Safety of flight must be the prime consideration at all times. The evaluator, applicant, and crew must be continually alert for other traffic. If performing aspects of a given maneuver, such as emergency procedures, would jeopardize safety, the evaluator will ask the applicant to simulate that portion of the maneuver. The evaluator will assess the applicant’s use of visual scanning and collision avoidance procedures throughout the entire test. Stall and Spin Awareness During flight training and testing, the applicant and the instructor or evaluator must always recognize and avoid operations that could lead to an inadvertent stall or spin and inadvertent loss of control. Use of Checklists Throughout the practical test, the applicant is evaluated on the use of an appropriate checklist. Assessing proper checklist use depends upon the specific Task. In all cases, the evaluator should determine whether the applicant demonstrates CRM, appropriately divides attention, and uses proper visual scanning. In some situations, reading the actual checklist may be impractical or unsafe. In such cases, the evaluator should assess the applicant's performance of published or recommended immediate action “memory” items along with their review of the appropriate checklist once conditions permit. In a single-pilot airplane, the applicant should demonstrate the crew resource management (CRM) principles described as single-pilot resource management (SRM). Proper use depends on the specific Task being evaluated. If the use of the checklist while accomplishing elements of an Objective would be either unsafe or impractical in a single-pilot operation, the applicant should review the checklist after accomplishing the elements. Positive Exchange of Flight Controls A clear understanding of who has control of the aircraft must exist. Prior to flight, the pilots involved should conduct a briefing that includes reviewing the procedures for exchanging flight controls. The FAA recommends a positive three-step process for exchanging flight controls between pilots: • When one pilot seeks to have the other pilot take control of the aircraft, they will say, “You have the flight controls.” • The second pilot acknowledges immediately by saying, “I have the flight controls.” • The first pilot again says, “You have the flight controls,” and visually confirms the exchange. Pilots should follow this procedure during any exchange of flight controls, including any occurrence during the practical test. The FAA also recommends that both pilots use a visual check to verify that the exchange has occurred. Doubt as to who is flying the aircraft should not occur. Use of Distractions Numerous studies indicate that many accidents have occurred when the pilot has been distracted during critical phases of flight. The evaluator should incorporate realistic distractions during the flight portion of the practical test to evaluate the pilot’s situational awareness and ability to utilize proper control technique while dividing attention both inside and outside the flight deck. Aeronautical Decision-Making, Risk Management, Crew Resource Management, and Single-Pilot Resource