PA.IV.M.R8

From the FAA library

• Airplane Flying Handbookp. 9-35
  Chapter 9: Approaches and Landings › Faulty Approaches and Landings › Touchdown in a Drift or Crab

  direction of motion throughout the approach and touchdown. There are three factors that cause the longitudinal axis and the direction of motion to be misaligned during touchdown: drifting, crabbing, or a combination of both. If the pilot does not take ... airplane’s sideward movement with respect to the ground. Consequently, any sideward velocity of the airplane is abruptly decelerated, as shown in Figure 9-37. This creates a moment around the main wheel when it contacts the ground, tending…

• Airplane Flying Handbookp. 9-18
  Chapter 9: Approaches and Landings › Crosswind Approach and Landing › Crosswind After-Landing Roll

  With the main wheels acting as a pivot point and the greater surface area exposed to the crosswind behind that pivot point, the airplane tends to turn or weathervane into the wind. The relative wind acting on an airplane during ... wind, which acts in the direction the air mass is traveling. It has a headwind component acting along the airplane’s ground track and a crosswind component acting 90° to its track. The other factor is the wind induced…

• Airplane Flying Handbookp. 3-14
  Chapter 3: Basic Flight Maneuvers › Level Turns › Establishing a Turn

  corrected by use of the rudder. Figure 3-15. Overbanking tendency. Establishing a Turn On most light single-engine airplanes, the top surface of the engine cowling is fairly flat, and its horizontal surface to the natural horizon provides ... horizon. Figure 3-16. Visual reference for angle of bank. The pilot’s seating position in the airplane is important as it affects the interpretation of outside visual references. A common problem is that a pilot may lean away from…

• Airplane Flying Handbookp. 6-7
  Chapter 6: Takeoffs and Departure Climbs › Crosswind Takeoff › Takeoff Roll

  pilot should maintain this control position, as the airplane accelerates, and until the ailerons become effective in maneuvering the airplane about its longitudinal axis. As the ailerons become effective, the pilot will feel an increase in pressure on the aileron ... wind, the pilot should use the rudder to maintain a straight takeoff path. [Figure 6-4] Since the airplane tends to weathervane into the wind while on the ground, the pilot will typically apply downwind rudder pressure. When the pilot…

• Airplane Flying Handbookp. 9-16
  Chapter 9: Approaches and Landings › Crosswind Approach and Landing › Crosswind Final Approach

  Pilots using this technique use precise airplane control as changes in control pressure occur near the ground, on short final, and while over the runway. To use the wing-low method, the pilot first uses rudder to align and maintain ... airplane’s heading with the runway direction. Since the airplane is now exposed to an uncorrected crosswind, the airplane will begin to drift. Note the rate and direction of drift, and oppose it using ailerons resulting in just enough bank…

• Airplane Flying Handbookp. 9-35
  Chapter 9: Approaches and Landings › Faulty Approaches and Landings › Hard Landing

  Hard Landing When the airplane contacts the ground during landings, its vertical speed is instantly reduced to zero. Unless provisions are made to slow this vertical speed and cushion the impact of touchdown, the force of contact with the ground ... could cause structural damage to the airplane. The purpose of pneumatic tires, shock absorbing landing gear, and other devices is to cushion the impact and to increase the time in which the airplane’s vertical descent is stopped. The importance…