PA.V.B.S3b

From the FAA library

• Airplane Flying Handbookp. 7-4
  Chapter 7: Ground Reference Maneuvers › Drift and Ground Track Control › Constant Radius During Turning Flight

  With some experience, pilots may notice how wind direction affects the time needed for various segments of ground-referenced turns. To demonstrate the effect that wind has on turns, the pilot should select a straight-line ground reference, such ... road or railroad track. [Figure 7-3] Choosing a straight-line ground reference that is parallel to the wind, the airplane would be flown into the wind and directly over the selected straight-line ground reference. Once a straight-line…

• Airplane Flying Handbookp. 7-1
  Chapter 7: Ground Reference Maneuvers › Maneuvering by Reference to Ground Objects

  driver adjusts the pressure on the accelerator pedal to smoothly join the new lane. In the same manner, multiple references are required to precisely control the airplane in reference to the ground. Not all ground-based references are visually equal ... Awareness of typical visual illusions helps a pilot select appropriate references. For example, larger objects or references may appear closer than they actually are when compared to smaller objects or references. Prevailing visibility has a significant effect on the pilot…

• Airplane Flying Handbookp. 7-10
  Chapter 7: Ground Reference Maneuvers › Elementary Eights

  Each of these maneuvers is a variation of a turn around a point. Each eight uses two ground reference points about which the airplane turns first in one direction and then the opposite direction—like a figure eight. Eights maneuvers ... purposes: ⦁ Further development of the pilot’s skill in maintaining a specific relationship between the airplane and the ground references. ⦁ Improving the pilot’s ability to divide attention between the flightpath and ground-based references, manipulation of the flight controls…

• Airplane Flying Handbookp. 7-9
  Chapter 7: Ground Reference Maneuvers › S-Turns

  Figure 7-6. S-turns. With the airplane in the downwind position, the maneuver consists of crossing a straight-line ground reference at a 90° angle and immediately beginning a 180° constant-radius turn. The pilot will then adjust ... roll rate and bank angle for drift effects and changes in groundspeed, and re-cross the straight-line ground reference in the opposite direction just as the first 180° constant-radius turn is completed. The pilot will then immediately begin…

• Airplane Flying Handbookp. 7-5
  Chapter 7: Ground Reference Maneuvers › Drift and Ground Track Control › Tracking Over and Parallel to a Straight Line

  necessary to increase or decrease the angle of bank, which increases or decreases the rate of turn, to achieve the desired constant radius track over the ground. Ground reference maneuvers should always be entered from a downwind position. This allows ... pilot should immediately exit the maneuver and re-establish a lateral position that is further from the ground reference. The pilot should avoid bank angles in excess of 45°due to the increased stalling speed. Tracking Over and Parallel…

• Airplane Flying Handbookp. 7-8
  Chapter 7: Ground Reference Maneuvers › Turns Around a Point

  Figure 7-5. Turns around a point. When performing a turn around a point, the pilot should select a prominent, ground-based reference that is easily distinguishable yet small enough to present a precise reference. The pilot should enter ... maneuver downwind, where the groundspeed is at its fastest, at the appropriate radius of turn and distance from the selected ground-based reference point. In a high-wing airplane, the lowered wing may block the view of the ground reference…