PH.IV.A.K4

From the FAA library

• Pilot's Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledgep. 5-12
  Chapter 5: Aerodynamics of Flight › Ground Effect

  aircraft leaving ground effect after takeoff encounters just the reverse of an aircraft entering ground effect during landing. The aircraft leaving ground effect will: • Require an increase in AOA to maintain the same CL • Experience an increase in induced drag ... nose-up change in moment • Experience a reduction in static source pressure and increase in indicated airspeed Ground effect must be considered during takeoffs and landings. For example, if a pilot fails to understand the relationship between the aircraft…

• Helicopter Flying Handbookp. 2-12
  Chapter 2: Aerodynamics of Flight › Airflow and Reactions in the Rotor Disk › Induced Flow (Downwash)

  rear of the rotor disk, the angle of attack is less and the induced flow is greater. In Ground Effect (IGE) Ground effect is the increased efficiency of the rotor disk caused by interference of the airflow when near ... ground. The air pressure or density is increased, which acts to decrease the downward velocity of air. Ground effect permits relative wind to be more horizontal, lift vector to be more vertical, and induced drag to be reduced. These conditions…

• Helicopter Flying Handbookp. 7-4
  Chapter 7: Helicopter Performance › The Effect of Weight Versus Density Altitude › Hovering Performance

  takeoff can be made, especially with the additional benefit of translational lift. Hover charts are provided for in ground effect (IGE) hover and out of ground effect (OGE) hover under various conditions of gross weight, altitude, temperature, and power ... hover ceiling is usually higher than the OGE hover ceiling because of the added lift benefit produced by ground effect. See Chapter 2, Aerodynamics of Flight, for more details on IGE and OGE hover. A pilot should always plan…

• Airplane Flying Handbookp. 6-10
  Chapter 6: Takeoffs and Departure Climbs › Ground Effect on Takeoff

  Ground Effect on Takeoff Ground effect is a condition of improved performance encountered when the airplane is operating very close to the ground. Ground effect can be detected and normally occurs up to an altitude equal to one wingspan above ... surface. [Figure 6-7] Ground effect is most significant when the airplane maintains a constant attitude at low airspeed at low altitude (for example, during takeoff when the airplane lifts off and accelerates to climb speed, and during the landing…

• Airplane Flying Handbookp. 9-12
  Chapter 9: Approaches and Landings › Go-Arounds (Rejected Landings) › Ground Effect

  Ground Effect Ground effect is a factor in every landing and every takeoff in fixed-wing airplanes. Ground effect can also be an important factor in go arounds. If the go-around is made close to the ground, the airplane ... ground effect area. Pilots are often lulled into a sense of false security by the apparent “cushion of air” under the wings that initially assists in the transition from an approach descent to a climb. This “cushion of air,” however…