PH.V.F.R12

From the FAA library

• Helicopter Flying Handbookp. 11-10
  Chapter 11: Helicopter Emergencies and Hazards › Vortex Ring State

  that are conducive to a vortex ring state condition are attempting to hover OGE without maintaining precise altitude control, and approaches, especially steep approaches, with a tailwind component. When recovering from a vortex ring state condition, the pilot tends first ... control may be limited. The traditional recovery is accomplished by increasing airspeed, and/or partially lowering collective to exit the vortex. In most helicopters, lateral cyclic thrust combined with an increase in power and lateral antitorque thrust will produce the quickest…

• Pilot's Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledgep. 14-27
  Chapter 14: Airport Operations › Wake Turbulence › Terminal Area

  Vortex Strength Terminal Area Wake turbulence has historically been thought of as only a function of aircraft weight, but recent research considers additional parameters, such as speed, aspects of the wing, wake decay rates, and aircraft resistance to wake, just ... name a few. The vortex characteristics of any aircraft will be changed with the extension of flaps or other wing configuration devices, as well as changing speed. However, as the basic factors are weight and speed, the vortex strength increases…

• Helicopter Flying Handbookp. 11-19
  Chapter 11: Helicopter Emergencies and Hazards › System Malfunctions › Loss of Tail Rotor Effectiveness (LTE)

  Figure 11-9. Main rotor disk vortex interference. 5. A slow forward airspeed, typically at speeds where translational lift and translational thrust are in the process of change and airflow around the tail rotor will vary in direction and speed ... tailwinds from 120° to 240° [Figure 11-10], such as left crosswinds, causing high pilot workload. c. Tail rotor vortex ring state (210° to 330°). [Figure 11-11] Winds within this region will result in the development of the vortex…

• Pilot's Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledgep. 14-27
  Chapter 14: Airport Operations › En Route › Vortex Behavior

  Vortex Behavior Trailing vortices have certain behavioral characteristics that can help a pilot visualize the wake location and take avoidance precautions. Vortices are generated from the moment an aircraft leaves the ground (until it touches down), since trailing vortices ... byproduct of wing lift. [Figure 14-46] The vortex circulation is outward, upward, and around the wingtips when viewed from either ahead or behind the aircraft. Tests with large aircraft have shown that vortices remain spaced a bit less than…

• 14 CFR Part 121 — Operating Requirements: Domestic, Flag, and Supplemental OperationsOpen
  14 CFR § 121.590 Use of certificated land airports in the United States.

  certificated land airports in the United States. Domestic type operation means any domestic operation conducted with— (1) An airplane designed for at least 31 passenger seats (as determined by the aircraft type certificate issued by a competent civil aviation authority ... land airport in any State of the United States, the District of Columbia, or any territory or possession of the United States; or (2) An airplane designed for more than 9 passenger seats but less than 31 passenger seats…

• Aeronautical Information Manualp. 5-6-7
  Chapter 5. Air Traffic Procedures › Section 6. National Security and Interception Procedures › 5-6-8. Foreign State Aircraft Operations

  Foreign state aircraft operating with a diplomatic clearance must navigate U.S. territorial airspace on an active IFR flight plan, unless specifically approved for VFR flight operations by the U.S. State Department in the diplomatic clearance. NOTE-Foreign state aircraft operations ... ICAO code M in Item 8 of the flight plan to assist in identification of the aircraft as a state aircraft. e. A foreign aircraft that operates to or from, within, or in transit of U.S. territorial airspace while conducting…