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  • Chapter 13: Effective Aeronautical Decision-Making › Risk Management › Four Risk Elements

    identify hazards, assess the degree of risk they pose, and determine the best course of action is an important element of a safe flight. Four Risk Elements During each flight, decisions must be made regarding events that involve interactions between ... four risk elements—the PIC, the aircraft, the environment, and the operation. The decision-making process involves an evaluation of each of these risk elements to achieve an accurate perception of the flight situation. [Figure…

  • Chapter 10: Advanced Flight Maneuvers › Reconnaissance Procedures › High Reconnaissance

    give particular consideration to forced landing areas in case of an emergency. Altitude, airspeed, and flight pattern for a high reconnaissance are governed by wind and terrain features. It is important to strike a balance between a reconnaissance conducted ... high and one too low. It should not be flown so low that a pilot must divide attention between studying the area and avoiding obstructions to flight. A high reconnaissance should be flown at an altitude…

  • Chapter 11: Helicopter Emergencies and Hazards › Low-G Conditions and Mast Bumping

    platforms. Pilots operating from floating platforms should also exercise great caution concerning cranes, masts, nearby boats (tugs) and nets. Low-G Conditions and Mast Bumping “G” is an abbreviation for acceleration due to the earth’s gravity. A person standing ... tight, banked turn with the pilot being pressed into the seat is experiencing more than one G or high-G conditions. A person beginning a downward ride in an elevator or riding down a steep track on a roller coaster…

  • Chapter 11: Helicopter Emergencies and Hazards › Low Rotor RPM and Rotor Stall

    Other causes of a power-on low rotor rpm condition include the pilot rolling the throttle the wrong way in helicopters not equipped with a governor or a governor failure in helicopters so equipped. As the rpm decreases, the amount ... feed upon itself rapidly leading to rotor stall. There are a number of ways the pilot can recognize the low rotor rpm situation. Visually, the pilot can not only see the rotor rpm indicator decrease but also the change…

  • Chapter 4. Air Traffic Control › Section 3. Airport Operations › 4-3-12. Low Approach

    Low Approach a. A low approach (sometimes referred to as a low pass) is the go-around maneuver following an approach. Instead of landing or making a touch-and-go, a pilot may wish to go around (low approach ... series of practice instrument approaches is an example of such an operation). Unless otherwise authorized by ATC, the low approach should be made straight ahead, with no turns or climb made until the pilot has made a thorough visual check…

  • Chapter 4. Air Traffic Control › Section 3. Airport Operations › 4-3-19. Taxi During Low Visibility

    Taxi During Low Visibility a. Pilots and aircraft operators should be constantly aware that during certain low visibility conditions the movement of aircraft and vehicles on airports may not be visible to the tower controller. This may prevent visual confirmation ... toward the sun. When vision difficulties are encountered pilots should immediately inform the controller. c. Advisory Circular 120-57, Low Visibility Operations Surface Movement Guidance and Control System, commonly known as LVOSMGCS (pronounced “LVO SMIGS”) describes an adequate example…