PI.II.A.R4
Risk managementConfirmation and expectation bias.
From the FAA library
- Chapter 6: Threat and Error Management › Causes of Errors › Psychological Effects
expectation rather than triggering an internal “uh-oh.” The phenomenon, not to be confused with expectation bias, has the slightly different name “confirmation bias.” The result of either, if uncorrected, may lead to an error. Either case results ... perceived. Fatigue tends to stop pilots from taking extra steps to verify perceived reality and contributes to expectation and confirmation bias susceptibility. An incident at the San Francisco, California airport (KSFO) is another example involving expectation bias. The NTSB docket…
- Chapter 6. Emergency Procedures › Section 4. Two-way Radio Communications Failure › 6-4-1. Two-way Radio Communications Failure
absence of an assigned route or a route that ATC has advised may be expected in a further clearance by the route filed in the flight plan. (b) Altitude. At the HIGHEST of the following altitudes or flight levels ... section 91.121(c)) for IFR operations; or (3) The altitude or flight level ATC has advised may be expected in a further clearance. The intent of the rule is that a pilot who has experienced two-way radio failure should…
- Pilot/Controller Glossary › E
approach, execute the assigned missed approach procedure immediately upon receiving instructions to “execute missed approach.” (Refer to AIM.) EXPECT (ALTITUDE) AT (TIME) or (FIX)- Used under certain conditions to provide a pilot with an altitude to be used ... communications failure. It also provides altitude information to assist the pilot in planning. (Refer to AIM.) EXPECT DEPARTURE CLEARANCE TIME (EDCT)- The runway release time assigned to an aircraft in a traffic management program and shown on the flight progress…
- Chapter 8: Aviation Instructor Responsibilities and Professionalism › Aviation Instructor Responsibilities › Minimizing Learner Frustration
their enjoyment and their efforts increase. Keep learners informed—learners feel insecure when they do not know what is expected of them or what is going to happen to them. Instructors can minimize feelings of insecurity by telling learners what ... expected of them and what they can expect in return. Instructors keep learners informed in various ways, including giving them an overview of the course, keeping them posted on their progress, and giving them adequate notice of examinations, assignments…
- Chapter 5. Air Traffic Procedures › Section 3. En Route Procedures › 5-3-2. Position Reporting
repeated to the pilot when handed off to another controller. At times, the aircraft identity will be confirmed by the receiving controller; however, this should not be construed to mean that radar contact has been lost. The identity of transponder ... equipped aircraft will be confirmed by asking the pilot to “ident,” “squawk standby,” or to change codes. Aircraft without transponders will be advised of their position to confirm identity. In this case, the pilot is expected to advise the controller…
- Chapter 12: Fundamentals of Electricity & Electronics › Introduction to Transistors › Transistor Theory
current travels in the opposite direction. In transistors, both electrons and holes act as carriers of current. A forward biased PN junction is comparable to a low-resistance circuit element, because it passes a high current for a given voltage ... other hand, a reverse-biased PN junction is comparable to a high-resistance circuit element. By using Ohm’s Law formula for power (P = I2R) and assuming current is held constant through both junctions, it can be concluded that…