PI.III.A.K3a
KnowledgeMeteorology applicable to the departure, en route, alternate, and destination for flights conducted under Instrument Flight Rules (IFR) to include expected climate and hazardous conditions such as:
Atmospheric composition and stability
From the FAA library
- Chapter 12: Weather Theory › Atmospheric Stability › Clouds
Heating of the air near the Earth’s surface creates an air…
- 13 Atmospheric Stability › 13.3 Stability Types › 13.3.2 Neutral Stability
Stability Types The stability of a column of air in the atmosphere is classified by the distribution of parcel stabilities within the column. The Earth’s surface is typically selected as the base while the top determines the column ... depth. Four unique types of atmospheric stability can be identified and are discussed in the following sections. 13.3.1 Absolute Stability Absolute stability (see Figure 13-1) is the state of a column of air in the atmosphere when its lapse…
- 13 Atmospheric Stability › 13.2 Using a Parcel as a Tool to Evaluate Stability
Atmospheric Stability 13.1 Introduction Convective clouds and precipitation pose a distinctly different flying environment than stratiform clouds and precipitation. These sharply contrasting conditions result from the atmosphere either resisting or accelerating the vertical motion of air parcels. Atmospheric stability ... which type of clouds and precipitation a pilot will encounter. 13.2 Using a Parcel as a Tool to Evaluate Stability An air parcel can be used as a tool to evaluate atmospheric stability within a specified vertical column…
- 13 Atmospheric Stability › 13.4 Processes That Change Atmospheric Stability › 13.4.2 Vertical Air Motion Effects on Stability
Wind Effects on Stability Wind can act to change the stability of a column of air in the atmosphere by changing the temperature lapse rate. Stability increases when wind blows colder air into the bottom of the air column (cold ... advection) and/or warmer air at the top (warm air advection). Conversely, stability decreases when wind blows warmer air into the bottom of the air column and/or colder air at the top. 13.4.2 Vertical Air Motion Effects on Stability A column…
- 13 Atmospheric Stability › 13.4 Processes That Change Atmospheric Stability
Summary of Stability Types Figure 13-5 summarizes the possible atmospheric stability types. Temperature Unsaturated Sounding Parcel A Unstable B Neutral C Stable D Stable E Stable F Stable G Stable Figure 13-5. Stability Types Saturated Parcel Stability Type ... Unstable Absolute Instability Unstable Unstable Conditional Instability Neutral Stable Lapse Absolute Stability Stable Isothermal Stable Inversion 13.4 Processes That Change Atmospheric Stability Changes in atmospheric stability are inversely related to temperature (density) changes with height (see Figure…
- Chapter 12: Weather Theory › Atmosphere › Composition of the Atmosphere
Figure 12-1. Composition of the atmosphere. The first layer, known as the troposphere, extends from 6 to 20 kilometers (km) (4 to 12 miles) over the northern and southern poles and up to 48,000 feet (14.5 km) over ... equatorial regions. The vast majority of weather, clouds, storms, and temperature variances occur within this first layer of the atmosphere. Inside the troposphere, the average temperature decreases at a rate of about 2 °Celsius (C) every 1,000 feet…