PI.III.A.K3g
KnowledgeMeteorology applicable to the departure, en route, alternate, and destination for flights conducted under Instrument Flight Rules (IFR) to include expected climate and hazardous conditions such as:
Turbulence
From the FAA library
- 3 Overview of Aviation Weather Information › 3.4.2 Summaries of Specific Weather Information Contained in Various Weather Products › 3.4.2.9 Products with Turbulence Information
Products with Turbulence Information Table 3-12. Weather Element: Turbulence Type: text (T), graphic (G), image (I), voice (V) Turbulence reports include location, altitude, and aircraft type. The pilot determines the degree of turbulence, intensity, and duration. Severe or extreme ... turbulence is reported as an Urgent PIREP or Special AIREP. The vast majority of AIREPs are automated and include turbulence reports derived from the aircraft’s motion. Radar I Convective weather on radar could indicate potential areas of severe turbulence…
- Chapter 7. Safety of Flight › Section 1. Meteorology › 7-1-21. PIREPs Relating to Turbulence
PIREPs Relating to Turbulence a. When encountering turbulence, pilots are urgently requested to report such conditions to ATC as soon as practicable. PIREPs relating to turbulence should state: 1. Aircraft location. 2. Time of occurrence in UTC. 3. Turbulence intensity ... Whether the turbulence occurred in or near clouds. 5. Aircraft altitude or flight level. 6. Type of aircraft. 7. Duration of turbulence. EXAMPLE-1. Over Omaha, 1232Z, moderate turbulence in clouds at Flight Level three one zero, Boeing…
- Chapter 7. Safety of Flight › Section 4. Wake Turbulence › 7-4-2. Vortex Generation
Section 4. Wake Turbulence 7-4-1. General a. Every aircraft generates wake turbulence while in flight. Wake turbulence is a function of an aircraft producing lift, resulting in the formation of two counter-rotating vortices trailing behind the aircraft ... Wake turbulence from the generating aircraft can affect encountering aircraft due to the strength, duration, and direction of the vortices. Wake turbulence can impose rolling moments exceeding the roll-control authority of encountering aircraft, causing possible injury to occupants…
- Chapter 13: Aviation Weather Services › ATC Radar Weather Displays
Since the intensity level is not available, the controller states “INTENSITY UNKNOWN.” ATC radar is not able to detect turbulence. Generally, turbulence can be expected to occur as the rate of rainfall or intensity of precipitation increases. Turbulence associated with ... greater rates of precipitation is normally more severe than any associated with lesser rates of precipitation. Turbulence should be expected to occur near convective activity, even in clear air. Thunderstorms are a form of convective activity that imply severe…
- Chapter 7. Safety of Flight › Section 4. Wake Turbulence › 7-4-6. Vortex Avoidance Procedures
pilot accepts a clearance to visually follow a preceding aircraft, the pilot accepts responsibility for separation and wake turbulence avoidance. The controllers will also provide to VFR aircraft, with whom they are in communication and which in the tower ... opinion may be adversely affected by wake turbulence from a larger aircraft, the position, altitude and direction of flight of larger aircraft followed by the phrase “CAUTION - WAKE TURBULENCE.” After issuing the caution for wake turbulence, the airport traffic controllers…
- Chapter 10: IFR Flight › Instrument Weather Flying › Turbulence
that might affect a VFR flight, an IFR pilot must consider the effects of other weather phenomena (e.g., thunderstorms, turbulence, icing, and visibility). Turbulence Inflight turbulence can range from occasional light bumps to extreme airspeed and altitude variations that make ... aircraft control difficult. To reduce the risk factors associated with turbulence, pilots must learn methods of avoidance, as well as piloting techniques for dealing with an inadvertent encounter. Turbulence avoidance begins with a thorough preflight weather briefing. Many reports…