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  • Chapter 7, Section I: Airplane Basic Flight Maneuvers › Straight-and-Level Flight › Vertical Speed Indicator (VSI)

    Figure 7-10. Pitch correction, less than 100 feet—one-half bar low to correct altitude error. When using the VSI as a rate instrument and combining it with the altimeter and attitude indicator to maintain level flight, a pilot ... should know that the amount the altimeter needle moves from the desired altitude governs the rate that should be used to return to that altitude. A rule of thumb is to make an attitude change that results in a vertical…

  • Chapter 8: Helicopter Attitude Instrument Flying › Straight Descents (Constant Airspeed and Constant Rate) › Level Off

    Level Off The level off from a constant airspeed descent may be made at descending airspeed or at cruise airspeed, if this is higher than descending airspeed. As in a climb level off, the amount of lead depends ... rate of descent and control technique. For a level off at descending airspeed, the lead should be approximately 10 percent of the vertical speed. At the lead altitude, simultaneously increase power to the setting necessary to maintain descending airspeed…

  • Chapter 7, Section II: Airplane Basic Flight Maneuvers › Straight Climbs and Descents › Leveling Off

    Leveling Off When leveling off from a descent with the intention of returning to cruise airspeed, first start by increasing the power to cruise prior to increasing the pitch back toward the level flight attitude. A technique used to determine ... soon to start the level off is to lead the level off by an altitude corresponding to 10 percent of the rate of descent. For example, if the aircraft is descending at 1,000 fpm, start the level off 100…

  • Chapter 7, Section I: Airplane Basic Flight Maneuvers › Straight Climbs and Descents › Leveling Off

    Leveling Off The level off from a descent must be started before reaching the desired altitude. The amount of lead depends upon the rate of descent and control technique. With too little lead, the airplane tends to overshoot the selected ... altitude unless technique is rapid. Assuming a 500 fpm rate of descent, lead the altitude by 100–150 feet for a level off at an airspeed higher than descending speed. At the lead point, add power to the appropriate level…

  • Chapter 10: IFR Flight › En Route Procedures › Planning the Descent and Approach

    approach to be executed has been determined, the pilot should plan for and request a descent to the appropriate altitude prior to the initial approach fix (IAF) or transition route depicted on the IAP. When flying the transition route ... pilot should maintain the last assigned altitude until ATC gives the instructions “cleared for the approach.” Lower altitudes can be requested to bring the transition route altitude closer to the required altitude at the initial approach fix. When ATC uses…

  • Chapter 8: Helicopter Attitude Instrument Flying › Turn Indicator › Power Control During Straight-and-Level Flight

    airspeed is changing, adjust the pitch attitude to maintain a constant altitude. A constant heading should be maintained throughout the change. As the desired airspeed is approached, adjust power to the new cruising power setting and further adjust pitch attitude ... maintain altitude. The instrument indications for straight-and-level flight at normal cruise and during the transition from normal cruise to slow cruise are illustrated in Figures 8-9 and 8-10. After the airspeed stabilizes at slow cruise…