PL.V.C.R2e

From the FAA library

• Pilot's Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledgep. 11-12
  Chapter 11: Aircraft Performance › Takeoff and Landing Performance › Runway Surface and Gradient

  such as mud, snow, or standing water reduce the airplane’s acceleration down the runway. Although muddy and wet surface conditions can reduce friction between the runway and the tires, they can also act as obstructions and reduce the landing ... braking effectiveness. Ensure that runways are adequate in length for takeoff acceleration and landing deceleration when less than ideal surface conditions are being reported…

• Aeronautical Information Manualp. 7-6-7
  Chapter 7. Safety of Flight › Section 6. Potential Flight Hazards › 7-6-8. Use of Runway Half-way Signs at Unimproved Airports

  usable at 70 percent of liftoff airspeed. b. This “rule of thumb” is based on a uniform surface condition. Puddles, soft spots, areas of tall and/or wet grass, loose gravel, etc., may impede acceleration or even cause deceleration. Even ... airspeed by the midpoint, the condition of the remainder of the runway may not allow further acceleration. The entire length of the runway should be inspected prior to takeoff to ensure a usable surface. c. This “rule of thumb” applies…

• Pilot's Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledgep. G-34
  Glossary › Pilot’s Operating Handbook/Airplane Flight Manual

  strategic weather information presented in an integrated manner in the National Airspace System (NAS). Weather depiction chart. Details surface conditions as derived from METAR and other surface observations. Weight. The force exerted by an aircraft from the pull of gravity…

• Pilot's Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledgep. 12-8
  Chapter 12: Weather Theory › Wind and Currents › Effect of Obstructions on Wind

  approach. Figure 12-13. Sea breeze and land breeze wind circulation patterns. Figure 12-14. Currents generated by varying surface conditions. Figure 12-15. Turbulence caused by manmade obstructions. This same condition is even more noticeable when flying in mountainous…

• Pilot's Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledgep. 2-5
  Chapter 2: Aeronautical Decision-Making › RISK › Hazard and Risk

  flown into these conditions repeatedly although the icing conditions were previously forecast 2,000 feet above the surface. This time, the conditions were forecast from the surface. Since the pilot was in a hurry and failed to factor…

• Helicopter Flying Handbookp. 10-2
  Chapter 10: Advanced Flight Maneuvers › Reconnaissance Procedures › Ground Reconnaissance

  takeoff plan are the aircraft load, height of obstacles, the shape of the area, direction of the wind, and surface conditions. Surface conditions can consist of dust, sand and snow, as well as mud and rocks. Dust landings and snow ... condition, which is the loss of the horizon reference. Disorientation may occur, leading to ground contact, often with fatal results. Taking off or landing on uneven terrain, mud, or rocks can cause the tail rotor to strike the surface…