PL.V.D.R2e

From the FAA library

• Aeronautical Information Manualp. 7-4-4
  Chapter 7. Safety of Flight › Section 4. Wake Turbulence › 7-4-4. Vortex Behavior

  Vortex Movement Near Ground - with Cross Winds 5. Pilots should be alert at all times for possible wake vortex encounters when conducting approach and landing operations. The pilot is ultimately responsible for maintaining an appropriate interval, and should consider ... vortices can rise with the air mass in which they are embedded. The effects of wind shear can cause vortex flow field “tilting.” In addition, ambient thermal lifting and orographic effects (rising terrain or tree lines) can cause a vortex…

• Aeronautical Information Manualp. 7-4-6
  Chapter 7. Safety of Flight › Section 4. Wake Turbulence › 7-4-6. Vortex Avoidance Procedures

  Vortex Avoidance Procedures a. Under certain conditions, airport traffic controllers apply procedures for separating IFR aircraft. If a pilot accepts a clearance to visually follow a preceding aircraft, the pilot accepts responsibility for separation and wake turbulence avoidance. The controllers ... during approaches, pilots should ask the control tower for updates on separation distance and aircraft groundspeed. b. The following vortex avoidance procedures are recommended for the various situations: 1. Landing behind a larger aircraft- same runway. Stay at or above…

• Risk Management Handbookp. 6-4
  Chapter 6: Threat and Error Management › Defenses Provided by the Pilot or Crew › Flying Skills (The Last Resort)

  Flying Skills (The Last Resort) Employing this defense becomes necessary after experiencing an undesired aircraft state that cannot be remedied with other defenses alone. Ability to take full control of the aircraft and return to safe flying parameters ... situation that could occur. Effective risk management and threat and error management usually prevent occurrences of an undesired aircraft state that may require a pilot to rely solely on flying skills as a defense. Proficiency A pilot who remains proficient…

• Aeronautical Information Manualp. 5-2-4
  Chapter 5. Air Traffic Procedures › Section 2. Departure Procedures › 5-2-6. Abbreviated IFR Departure Clearance (Cleared. . .as Filed) Procedures

  issued will include the destination airport filed in the flight plan. d. ATC procedures now require the controller to state the DP name, the current number and the DP transition name after the phrase “Cleared to (destination) airport” and prior ... flight plan, are considered a part of the filed route of flight and will not normally be stated in an initial departure clearance. If the ARTCC’s jurisdictional airspace includes both the departure airport and the fix where a STAR…

• Aeronautical Information Manualp. 7-4-1
  Chapter 7. Safety of Flight › Section 4. Wake Turbulence › 7-4-3. Vortex Strength

  Vortex Strength a. Weight, speed, wingspan, and shape of the generating aircraft’s wing all govern the strength of the vortex. The vortex characteristics of any given aircraft can also be changed by extension of flaps or other wing configuring ... devices. However, the vortex strength from an aircraft increases proportionately to an increase in operating weight or a decrease in aircraft speed. Since the turbulence from a “dirty” aircraft configuration hastens wake decay, the greatest vortex strength occurs when…

• Helicopter Flying Handbookp. 11-10
  Chapter 11: Helicopter Emergencies and Hazards › Vortex Ring State

  that are conducive to a vortex ring state condition are attempting to hover OGE without maintaining precise altitude control, and approaches, especially steep approaches, with a tailwind component. When recovering from a vortex ring state condition, the pilot tends first ... control may be limited. The traditional recovery is accomplished by increasing airspeed, and/or partially lowering collective to exit the vortex. In most helicopters, lateral cyclic thrust combined with an increase in power and lateral antitorque thrust will produce the quickest…